WIA SOOM Simulators

Ukuphepha emsebenzini — ukuchayeka emsindweni Imodeli ephilayo

Wena uyinhloko yokuphepha yeqembu lesithupha ngesikhathi sokusebenza samahora ayisishiyagalombili. Indawo eyodwa inomsindo — umsebenzi wokulungisa noma umshini — futhi okunye kwefektri kuyahlokoma emazingeni aphansi. Njalo ngemizuzu eyishumi imodeli yengeza isilinganiso somsindo somsebenzi ngamunye ngomthetho wokuchayeka okuvunyelwe we-OSHA nomkhawulo onconyiwe we-NIOSH, ibala ukuvikela abakunikezwa ngempela ngabavikeli bokuzwa babo, futhi ibala okukhiqizwa yiqembu. Ukulingisa kwemfundo kuphela — hhayi usizo lomthetho, lokuthobela noma lwezempilo.

Okuzofunda

Isilingisi

Isikhathi 0 min
Idosi ephakeme ye-OSHA PEL 0% · Idosi ephakeme ye-NIOSH endlebeni 0% · Umsebenzi onomsindo uphelile 100% · Ukukhiqiza uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo lweshifu 0% · Izinga emsebenzini onomsindo 85.0 dBA · Ithimba eshifini 6 · Abasebenzi abanabavikeli 0Umsebenzi onomsindo85 dBA■Umugqa wokukhiqiza82 dBAUkuhlanganisa78 dBAIkamelo elithule62 dBA▲ Idosi ye-OSHA PEL · ▼ Idosi ye-NIOSH endlebeni (│ = 100 %)Umsebenzi onomsindo uphelile 100% · Ukukhiqiza uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo lweshifu 0% · 0 amayunithi/h · ◉ 0/6
  • Umsebenzi, idosi engaphansi kuka-50 %
  • Umsebenzi, idosi engu-50–100 %
  • Umsebenzi, idosi engaphezu kuka-100 %
  • Unomvikeli wokuzwa
  • Indawo ku-95 dBA noma ngaphezulu
  • Isivalo (sifakiwe / siyafakwa)

Izilawuli

Ukuthi ubani ugcwalisa izikhundla ezinomsindo. Ezingashintshi = abantu abafanayo ishifu lonke; njalo ngehora = izikhundla ezinomsindo zidluliselwa ethimbeni njalo ngehora; ngokwedosi = njalo ngehora abasebenzi abanedosi ephansi kakhulu bazithatha.

Umsebenzi wokulungisa uqhubeka ngabantu ababili ubukhulu ebusweni bomsebenzi; umshini ukhiqiza ngomsebenzisi. Wonke umuntu lapho uyachayeka.

Umsebenzi ngamunye uchitha imizuzu eyi-10 ngehora ekamelweni elithule, ngokushintshana. Ukuchayeka okuncane, izandla ezimbalwa.

Ukunciphisa okwehlisiwe endaweni (NRR − 7)/2: izinsika zefomu NRR 29 → 11 dB, izivalo zendlebe NRR 25 → 9 dB, kokubili ndawonye → 16 dB.

Kukhuphula ingxenye yesikhathi abavikeli bagqokwa ngempela kusuka cishe ku-80 % kuya cishe ku-97 %.

Imisa umthombo ngokushesha. Ithimba elinomsindo lidlulela emugqeni; umsebenzi noma okukhiphayo komshini kuyalinda.

Amaphaneli azungeze umthombo awunciphisa nge-10 dB ngemva kokufakwa kwemizuzu engu-60; umsebenzi ongaphakathi usebenza cishe u-10 % kancane.

Ufika ngemva kwemizuzu engu-30 nedosi entsha. Ithimba kuze kube yisishiyagalombili.

Izikhombisi

Idosi ephakeme ye-OSHA PEL
0%
kuvamile
Idosi ephakeme ye-NIOSH endlebeni
0%
kuvamile
Umsebenzi onomsindo uphelile
100%
kuvamile
Ukukhiqiza uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo lweshifu
0%
kubucayi
I-TWA ephakeme yamahora ayi-8 (OSHA, umkhawulo we-80 dB)40.0 dBA
I-TWA ephakeme yamahora ayi-8 endlebeni (NIOSH)40.0 dBA
Idosi ebikezelwe ye-PEL ekupheleni kweshifu (ngesivinini samanje)0 %
Abasebenzi abangaphezu kwedosi ye-PEL engu-100 %0
Izinga emsebenzini onomsindo85.0 dBA
Izinga emugqeni82.0 dBA
Izinga lokukhiphayo0 units/h
Ithimba eshifini6
Abasebenzi abanabavikeli0
Ukufakwa kwesivalo okusele-1 min

Isitayela

Idosi ephakeme ye-OSHA PEL: — %2000

Izimo eziphuthumayo

Izinga 1 · Umsebenzi wokulungisa onomsindo

Ngo-07:30 ulayini we-hopper kufanele ugawulwe ushintshwe: amahora amathathu omsebenzi ku-104 dBA, enziwe kulesi sikhathi sokusebenza, futhi bangabantu ababili kuphela abangena ebusweni bomsebenzi. Amaphaneli okuvala awakwazi ukumiswa ngaphakathi kwe-hopper, futhi akukho abavikeli bokuzwa ababhekiwe namhlanje ekuseni. Umugqa kufanele uqhubeke usebenza. Akekho okufanele aphethe isikhathi sokusebenza ngaphezu kuka-100 % wesilinganiso se-OSHA, futhi izindlebe kufanele zihlale ngaphakathi komkhawulo we-NIOSH nazo.

  • Idosi ephakeme ye-OSHA PEL ≤ 100 % ekugcineni
  • Idosi ephakeme ye-NIOSH endlebeni ≤ 100 %
  • Umsebenzi wokulungisa uqediwe kuleli shifu
  • Ukukhiqiza ≥ 95 % kohlelo lweshifu

Izinga 2 · Ukushoda kwabavikeli bokuzwa

Ukulethwa kwezinsika zendlebe akufikanga futhi kunamapheya amabili kuphela ezivalo zendlebe esizeni. Umshini wokubumba usebenza ishifu lonke ku-96 dBA nabasebenzisi ababili, futhi amaphaneli esivalo asemsebenzini omunye. Hlela ishifu ukuze kungabikho odlula idosi ye-OSHA noma umkhawulo wendlebe we-NIOSH — futhi ukukhiqiza kuhlangabezane nohlelo.

  • Idosi ephakeme ye-OSHA PEL ≤ 100 % ekugcineni
  • Idosi ephakeme ye-NIOSH endlebeni ≤ 100 %
  • Ukukhiqiza ≥ 95 % kohlelo lweshifu

Izinga 3 · Ukucindezela ukukhiqiza, umshini omusha onomsindo

Umshini omusha wokusika uqala ngo-07:30 ukuhlangabezana nohlelo olukhuphuliwe. Ukala ku-103 dBA endaweni yomsebenzisi futhi udinga abasebenzisi ababili. Izimbobo zendlebe ze-foam ziyatholakala. Hlangabezana nohlelo ngaphandle kokuba noma ubani adlule isilinganiso se-OSHA noma umkhawulo wendlebe we-NIOSH.

  • Idosi ephakeme ye-OSHA PEL ≤ 100 % ekugcineni
  • Idosi ephakeme ye-NIOSH endlebeni ≤ 100 %
  • Ukukhiqiza ≥ 95 % kohlelo olukhuphuliwe

Isisekelo — imodeli engemuva kwezinombolo

Wonke ubudlelwano isilingisi esibusebenzisayo, nomthombo wabo. Izinto ezihlala zingashintshi ezimakwe njengokuthathelwa yizilinganiso zesibonelo.

Amazinga omsindo engezwa njengamandla: imithombo emibili elinganayo ikhulu ngo-3 dB kunowodwa. Indawo ngayinye izwa imvelo yayo kanye nomthombo onomsindo, unciphiswe ibanga nezindonga.
L_area = 10·log10(10^(L_bg/10) + 10^((L_src − spill − IL)/10)) + N(0, 1 dB)[6]Umcabango: izimvelo zezindawo, ukuchichima, ukulahleka kokufakwa kwesivalo nesikhathi esiholayo, ukulandela ukugqoka, amazinga okukhiqiza nokuguquguquka kwezinga ayizinani zokufanekisa zesikhungo esivamile; imithetho yedosi uqobo yileyo eshicilelwe.
Idosi ye-OSHA: isikhathi ngasinye C ezingeni L sisebenzisa u-C/T wosuku, lapho u-T uba uhhafu njalo ngo-5 dB ngaphezu kuka-90 dBA. Isamba esingu-100 % siwumkhawulo wokuchayeka ovunyelwe.
T = 8 / 2^((L − 90)/5) h; D = 100·Σ Cᵢ/Tᵢ (levels ≥ 90 dBA for the PEL, ≥ 80 dBA for the action level)[1][2][3]
Idosi nesilinganiso samahora ayi-8 esilinganiswe isikhathi kuyinto efanayo: 50 % = 85 dBA (izinga lesenzo lohlelo lokulondoloza ukuzwa), 100 % = 90 dBA.
TWA_OSHA = 16.61·log10(D/100) + 90; D = 50 % ⇔ 85 dBA (action level), D = 100 % ⇔ 90 dBA (PEL)[2]
Umkhawulo onconywayo we-NIOSH: 85 dBA amahora ayi-8, kuhlukaniswe isikhathi sibe uhhafu njalo ngo-3 dB — umthetho wamandla alinganayo. Ku-100 dBA lokho kungu-15 imizuzu.
T = 8 / 2^((L − 85)/3) h (80–140 dBA integrated); TWA_NIOSH = 10·log10(D/100) + 85[4]
Amalebula abavikeli ayizinani zelabhorethri. I-OSHA isusa u-7 dB ekufundweni okulinganiswe nge-A bese yehlukanisa elisele ngakubili; ukugqoka izinsika nezivalo zendlebe ndawonye kwengeza cishe u-5 dB kuphela kokungcono.
A = (NRR − 7)/2 (dBA, 50 % field derating); dual = max(A_plug, A_muff) + 5; plug NRR 29 → 11 dB, muff NRR 25 → 9 dB, dual → 16 dB[3]
Imizuzu engagqokiwe ibalwa ezingeni eligcwele. Njengoba amandla engezwa, umvikeli ogqokwe u-80 % wesikhathi ku-100 dBA unikeza okuncane kakhulu kunezinga lawo.
ear dose per tick = w·r(L − A) + (1 − w)·r(L); w ~ N(c, 0.05) clipped to [0,1], c = 0.80 (0.97 enforced)[7][4]Umcabango: izimvelo zezindawo, ukuchichima, ukulahleka kokufakwa kwesivalo nesikhathi esiholayo, ukulandela ukugqoka, amazinga okukhiqiza nokuguquguquka kwezinga ayizinani zokufanekisa zesikhungo esivamile; imithetho yedosi uqobo yileyo eshicilelwe.
Isivalo sehlisa izinga kubo bonke abaseduze nomthombo; ukushintshana nokuphumula kwabelana noma kufinyeza isikhathi esichithwe lapho kuphela.
enclosure: L_src − 10 dB after 60 min, task productivity × 0.9; rotation/breaks change Cᵢ, not L[5][6]Umcabango: izimvelo zezindawo, ukuchichima, ukulahleka kokufakwa kwesivalo nesikhathi esiholayo, ukulandela ukugqoka, amazinga okukhiqiza nokuguquguquka kwezinga ayizinani zokufanekisa zesikhungo esivamile; imithetho yedosi uqobo yileyo eshicilelwe.
Ukukhiqiza kulandela indawo yethimba: izikhundla emugqeni nasemshinini ziyakhiqiza, ikamelo elithule alikhiqizi.
output = Σ workers rate(area)·(1 + 0.1·z); loud job progress = min(n_loud, 2) × 10 minUmcabango: izimvelo zezindawo, ukuchichima, ukulahleka kokufakwa kwesivalo nesikhathi esiholayo, ukulandela ukugqoka, amazinga okukhiqiza nokuguquguquka kwezinga ayizinani zokufanekisa zesikhungo esivamile; imithetho yedosi uqobo yileyo eshicilelwe.
Ezinye izinto ezingashintshi zokusebenza ezisetshenziswa imodeli.
backgrounds: loud area 85, line 82, assembly 78, quiet room 62 dBA · source spill −20 dB at the line, −26 dB at assembly, −45 dB in the quiet room · line 3 posts at 1 unit per 10 min, assembly 0.5 · 10-min quiet break per hour, staggered · extra worker arrives after 30 min, crew ≤ 8Umcabango: izimvelo zezindawo, ukuchichima, ukulahleka kokufakwa kwesivalo nesikhathi esiholayo, ukulandela ukugqoka, amazinga okukhiqiza nokuguquguquka kwezinga ayizinani zokufanekisa zesikhungo esivamile; imithetho yedosi uqobo yileyo eshicilelwe.

Ukungahleliwe: i-generator ye-mulberry32 enembewu; ukusabalalisa okusetshenzisiwe — uniform, exponential (inverse CDF), normal (Box–Muller), Poisson (Knuth). Imbewu iyabonisa futhi ingabelwana.

Imithombo

  1. 29 CFR 1910.95 — Occupational noise exposure (Table G-16, mixed exposure ΣC/T, action level 85 dBA, hearing protectors) — U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1983
  2. 29 CFR 1910.95 Appendix A — Noise exposure computation (T = 8/2^((L−90)/5), TWA = 16.61·log10(D/100) + 90) — U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
  3. OSHA Technical Manual, Section III Chapter 5 — Noise (90-dB PEL vs 80-dB HCA thresholds, NRR derating (NRR−7)/2, dual protection +5 dB) — U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
  4. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Noise Exposure, Revised Criteria 1998 (REL 85 dBA, 3-dB exchange rate, 80–140 dBA integrated, T = 480/2^((L−85)/3) min) — NIOSH, DHHS Publication No. 98-126, 1998
  5. Occupational Noise Exposure — Exposure & Controls (enclosures, barriers, limiting time at the source, quiet areas, rotation) — U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
  6. D. A. Bies, C. H. Hansen, C. Q. Howard — Engineering Noise Control (decibel addition, enclosures and barriers, insertion loss) — CRC Press, 5th ed., 2017
  7. E. H. Berger et al. (eds.) — The Noise Manual, 5th ed. (hearing protector field performance; effect of wearing time on effective attenuation) — American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2003

Obani abenza lokhu ukuze baziphilise

Imodeli yemfundo — hhayi yezinqumo zokusebenza. Izindawo zangempela zilinganisa yonke into ehlala ingashintshi kumishini nedatha yazo.