🔋 Amandla esikhungo sedatha Imodeli ephilayo

Isisekelo — imodeli engemuva kwezinombolo

Wonke ubudlelwano isilingisi esibusebenzisayo, nomthombo wabo. Izinto ezihlala zingashintshi ezimakwe njengokuthathelwa yizilinganiso zesibonelo.

Ibhalansi yamandla yenodi yomoya: amaseva afudumeza umoya, amakhoyili okupholisa ahambisa ukushisa emanzini apholile.

C_air · dT_air/dt = P_IT + P_fans − Q_CRAH, Q_CRAH = UA · (T_air − T_chw)[4][11]Okuthathelwa: amandla okugcina ukushisa, ukuqhutshwa kwekhoyili, usayizi we-chiller namandla ebhethri yizinani zesibonelo zehholo le-1 MW.

Ibhalansi yamandla yenodi yamanzi: isisindo sokushisa selophu sivikela isikhala phakathi komthwalo wokushisa namandla e-chiller.

C_w · dT_chw/dt = Q_CRAH − Q_chillers − Q_econ, C_w = 20 m³ × 4186 J/(kg·K)[4]

Ukusebenza kahle kwe-chiller njengengxenye engaguquki yomkhawulo we-Carnot — kuyehla njengoba umoya wangaphandle ushisa kakhulu. Izinga lokushisa le-evaporator lilandela izinga lokushisa langempela lelophu yamanzi apholile (2 K ngaphansi kwalo), hhayi iphoyinti elimisiwe, ngakho ilophu efudumala ngemva kokunqamuka ikhuphula i-COP isikhashana.

COP = 0.45 · T_evap / (T_cond − T_evap), T_evap = T_chw − 2 K, T_cond = T_air,out + 12 K [K][5]Okuthathelwa: amandla okugcina ukushisa, ukuqhutshwa kwekhoyili, usayizi we-chiller namandla ebhethri yizinani zesibonelo zehholo le-1 MW.

Power usage effectiveness: amandla wonke esikhungo ahlukaniswe namandla e-IT (1.0 yiyona ekahle).

PUE = P_facility / P_IT[1][12][8]

Water usage effectiveness; amanzi ahwamukile ngamandla adingekayo ukupholisa umoya we-condenser.

WUE = water (L) / IT energy (kWh); evaporation = m_air · c_p · ΔT / h_fg[2][7]

I-ASHRAE thermal envelope yomoya wokungena weseva.

recommended 18–27 °C · A1 allowable 15–32 °C[3]

Amandla ebhethri le-UPS ayaphela nomthwalo ovikelwe kuze kuthathe ijeneretha.

E_batt(t+Δt) = E_batt − (P_IT + P_fans + P_pumps)/η_UPS · Δt (energy balance); generator ≤ 10 s[6]Okuthathelwa: amandla okugcina ukushisa, ukuqhutshwa kwekhoyili, usayizi we-chiller namandla ebhethri yizinani zesibonelo zehholo le-1 MW.

Ngemva kokudluliselwa kwamandla nanoma yikuphi ama-chiller ayama futhi kumele aphinde aqale.

chiller restart after any power transfer = 5 min (quick-start; typical 10–15 min)[11]

Ukukhishwa okuvela ekuqinisweni kukagesi wegridi, noma kudizili uma ijeneretha isebenza.

CO₂ = P_facility × grid intensity (≈450–650 g/kWh in the scenarios); diesel ≈ 2.69 kg CO₂/L[9][10][13]

Ezinye izinto ezihlala zingashintshi zokusebenza ezisetshenziswa imodeli.

chillers 3 × 450 kW, derate 2.5 %/K above 35 °C · adiabatic effectiveness 70 % · loop P-gain 150 kW/K · IT shutdown at 40 °C inlet · manual generator start 3 min · chiller trip reset accepted 15 min after the trip · battery 150 kWh (≈10 min at full load), recharge 10 %/h · UPS η 95 %Okuthathelwa: amandla okugcina ukushisa, ukuqhutshwa kwekhoyili, usayizi we-chiller namandla ebhethri yizinani zesibonelo zehholo le-1 MW.

Ukungahleliwe: i-generator ye-mulberry32 enembewu; ukusabalalisa okusetshenzisiwe — uniform, exponential (inverse CDF), normal (Box–Muller), Poisson (Knuth). Imbewu iyabonisa futhi ingabelwana.

Imithombo

1. ISO/IEC 30134-2:2016 Data centres — Key performance indicators — Part 2: Power usage effectiveness (PUE) — ISO/IEC, 2016
2. ISO/IEC 30134-9:2022 Data centres key performance indicators — Part 9: Water usage effectiveness (WUE) — ISO/IEC, 2022
3. ASHRAE TC 9.9 — Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments (recommended inlet 18–27 °C; class A1 allowable 15–32 °C) — ASHRAE, 2021
4. F. P. Incropera et al. — Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer: lumped capacitance, Q = UA·ΔT — Wiley, 2011
5. Y. A. Çengel, M. A. Boles — Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach — Carnot COP of refrigerators, COP = T_L/(T_H − T_L) — McGraw-Hill, 2019
6. NFPA 110 — Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems (Type 10: power restored within 10 s) — NFPA
7. IAPWS — enthalpy of vaporization of water (≈2442 kJ/kg at 25 °C, 2257 kJ/kg at 100 °C) — IAPWS / NIST Chemistry WebBook
8. Directive (EU) 2023/1791 (Energy Efficiency Directive) Art. 12 and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364 — data-centre reporting — EUR-Lex, 2023–2024
9. Ember — Global Electricity Review 2025: world average grid carbon intensity 473 gCO₂/kWh (2024) — Ember, 2025
10. IPCC AR5 WG3 Annex III — life-cycle emissions of electricity supply technologies (median gCO₂eq/kWh) — IPCC, 2014
11. Schneider Electric (APC) White Paper 179 — Data Center Temperature Rise During a Cooling System Outage — Schneider Electric
12. Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2025 — average annual PUE 1.54 — Uptime Institute, 2025
13. U.S. EPA — Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle: 10,180 g CO₂ per gallon of diesel (≈2.69 kg/L) — U.S. EPA