🏗️ Gini — sa ido kan haƙa mai zurfi Samfurin kai-tsaye
Kai ne injiniyan wurin haƙa mai zurfin 15 m da aka tallafa shi da matakan struts biyar, tare da gini 6 m a bayan bango. A kowace rana ta kwaikwayo samfurin yana haƙa da saurinka, yana bar ƙungiyar struts ta kafa mataki na gaba, yana lanƙwasa bango gwargwadon yadda ba a tallafa masa ba, yana yaɗa motsin zuwa kwarin nutsewa a ƙarƙashin ginin, kuma yana saukar da ruwan ƙasa a duk inda kake fitar da ruwa. Kana ganin abin da wurin yake gani: karatun inclinometer da na nutsewa masu kuskuren aunawa. Na'urar koyo ce kawai — lambobin na misali ne kuma wannan ba shawarar ƙirar injiniya ba ce.
Abin da za ka koya
Dalilin da ya sa tsayin da ba a tallafa ba ke tantance motsin bango: tauri yana raguwa da ikon huɗu na tazara, don haka mita ɗaya da aka wuce haƙawa tana kashe fiye da mita ɗaya da aka haƙa a kan lokaci.
Yadda fitar da ruwa ke hana gindin haƙar ya tashi — da dalilin da ya sa wannan saukar matakin ruwa ɗin ke matse yumɓun da ke ƙarƙashin ginin maƙwabci.
Hanyar lura a aikace: matakan faɗakarwa, karatu mai hayaniya, da matakan gaggawa da aka tsara kafin a buƙace su.
Na'urar koyi
Lokaci 0 d
━An kafa strut
┅Ana kafa strut
▼Fuskar da aka wuce haƙawa
✓Ƙasa da matakin faɗakarwa
!An kai matakin faɗakarwa
‼An kai matakin aiki
▤Tudun ƙasa
┄Matsin ruwan tushen ƙasa
Sarrafawa
Mitoci na zurfin da ake cirewa a kowace rana. 0 yana tsayar da injinan haƙa.
Dakatar da haƙa 0.5 m ƙasa da matakin strut na gaba har sai an kafa wannan strut ɗin.
Ƙarfin matsawa da aka kulle a kowane sabon strut, a matsayin kaso na nauyin ƙirarsa. Yana shafar struts da za a kafa daga yanzu.
Bar ko sa ƙasa a gindin bango: tana tallafa wa buɗaɗɗen fuskar haƙar (−2 m na tsayin da ba a tallafa ba), amma ba za a iya haƙa ba muddin tana nan.
Fitar da ruwa daga rijiyoyin cikin rami. Yana rage matsin ruwan ƙasa a ƙarƙashin gindin ramin — da kewayensa.
Ruwan da ake tura shi cikin ƙasa kusa da ginin don riƙe ruwan ƙasa a sama a ƙarƙashinsa. Ruwan da aka fitar da famfo ne ake sake amfani da shi, kuma rijiyoyin turawa suna toshewa, don haka mafi yawa 55 % na kwararar da aka fitar ne kaɗai za a iya mayarwa. Yana kuma ɗan aiki a kan fitar da ruwan.
Alamomi
Nutsewar gini (karatu)
0.0mm
daidai
Lanƙwasar bango (inclinometer)
0.0mm
daidai
Karkacewar kusurwar gini
0.00‰
daidai
Ma'aunin aminci na tashin gindi
1.97
daidai
Nutsewar gini (samfuri)
0.0 mm
Lanƙwasar bango (samfuri)
0.0 mm
Canjin nutsewa a rana
0.0 mm/d
Zurfin haƙa
0.0 m
Tsayin da ba a tallafa ba
0.0 m
Nauyin strut mafi ƙasa
0 %
Matakan strut da aka kafa
0
Saukar matakin ruwa a ƙarƙashin rami
0.0 m
Saukar matakin ruwa a ƙarƙashin gini
0.0 m
Nutsewar matsewar ƙasa
0.0 mm
Kwanakin wuce gona da iri na haƙa
0 d
Ruwan da aka fitar zuwa yanzu
0 10³ m³
Ruwan sake cikawa da aka tura a zahiri
0 m³/h
Yanayi
Yanayin rikici
Mataki 1 · Haƙa da saurin struts
Injinan haƙa suna iya haƙa 0.8 m a rana kuma shirin yana son wannan gudun. Ƙungiyar strut tana buƙatar kwana biyu ga kowane mataki kuma za ta iya farawa ne kawai idan haƙar ta kai 0.5 m ƙasa da shi, don haka a cikakken gudu fuskar tana gaban tallafin. Mai ginin da ke bayan bango ya amince da iyakar nutsewa ta 12 mm. Isa zurfin 15 m cikin kwanaki 40, riƙe ginin ƙasa da 12 mm da lanƙwasar bango ƙasa da 15 mm.
Nutsewar gini ba ta taɓa wuce 12 mm ba
Lanƙwasar bango a ƙarshe ≤ 15 mm
Isa zurfin 15 m
Mataki 2 · Fitar da ruwa a ƙarƙashin maƙwabci
Tushen ruwan ƙasa na yashi da aka kulle yana a zurfin 22 m. Ƙasa da kusan 9 m, ƙasar da ta rage a ƙarƙashin gindin ba za ta iya danne matsin ruwansa ba kuma, don haka dole a fitar da ruwa daga tushen yayin da haƙa ke zurfafa — ma'aunin aminci na tashin gindi aƙalla 1.2 a koyaushe. A rana ta 8 ma'aikatan fitar da ruwa suna buɗe rijiyoyin zuwa 450 m³/h. Wani shimfiɗaɗɗen yumɓu yana kan tushen ruwan a ƙarƙashin ginin maƙwabci. Izinin zubar da ruwa yana ba da 280 dubu m³ ga dukan aikin. Kai 15 m cikin kwanaki 45 tare da nutsewar ginin a ƙarshe a cikin 30 mm.
Ma'aunin aminci na tashin gindi ba ya taɓa ƙasa da 1.2
Nutsewar gini a ƙarshe ≤ 25 mm
Jimillar ruwan da aka fitar ≤ 280 dubu m³ (izinin zubar da ruwa)
Isa zurfin 15 m
Mataki 3 · Ƙarfen ya makara
Ɗan kwangilar yana haƙa ba tsayawa da 0.7 m a rana ba tare da wuraren tsayawa ba, kuma ma'aikatan strut sun ci gaba da tafiya tare da shi zuwa yanzu. A rana ta 15, yayin da fuskar haƙar ta riga ta kai matakin strut na huɗu, ƙarfen wannan matakin yana jinkiri na mako ɗaya. Struts 1–3 suna wurin. Riƙe strut mafi ƙasa a cikin nauyin ƙirarsa da karkacewar bango ƙasa da 30 mm, kuma duk da haka kai 15 m kafin rana ta 30.
Nauyin strut mafi ƙasa ba ya taɓa wuce 100 % na ƙira
Lanƙwasar bango a ƙarshe ≤ 30 mm
Isa zurfin 15 m
Tushe — samfurin da ke bayan lambobin
Kowace alaƙa da na'urar koyi ke amfani da ita, tare da tushenta. Ƙayyadaddun ƙimomin da aka yi wa alama a matsayin zato daidaitawa ne na misali.
Taurin tsarin Clough & O'Rourke: taurin lanƙwasar bango raba da ikon huɗu na tazarar da ba a tallafa ba.
S = EI / (γw · h⁴), h = depth − lowest strut level (unsupported height)[3][5]
Kowace mita da aka haƙa tana ƙara lanƙwasa da gudun da ke ƙaruwa yayin da tauri ke raguwa; nauyin farko yana rage ta, buɗaɗɗiyar fuska mai zurfi fiye da wurin tsayawa tana rarrafe.
Δδh = ΔH · ρ(S) · (1 − 0.8·preload); ρ(%) = clip(2.3 − 0.7·log10 S, 0.12, 1.6); creep 2.5 mm/d per m of h above 3.5 m (berm −2 m)[3][5][10]Ƙididdiga ta misali don koyarwa, ba ƙima ta kowane wuri na gaske ba.
Nutsewar ƙasa a bayan bango: kusan 0.75 × lanƙwasar bango, lebur har zuwa 0.75 H, tana ɓacewa zuwa sifili a 2 H (iyakar yumɓu mai taushi zuwa matsakaici).
δv,max = 0.75·δh,max; δv(d) = δv,max for d ≤ 0.75H, × (2 − d/H)/1.25 to 0 at d = 2H[3][4]
Ƙasar da ta rage a ƙarƙashin gindin dole ta fi nauyin matsin ruwan da aka kulle da ke turawa sama daga tushen ruwan ƙasa.
Kwararar daidaito ta Thiem: saukar matakin ruwa tana raguwa da logarithm na nisa daga rijiyoyi; rijiyoyin sake cikawa suna ƙara akasin tasirin.
s(r) = Q/(2πT)·ln(R/r) − Q_r/(2πT)·ln(R/r_r) (steady radial flow, superposition; heads lag the steady state with τ = 1.5 d); Q_r ≤ 0.55·Q[9]Ƙididdiga ta misali don koyarwa, ba ƙima ta kowane wuri na gaske ba.
Matsewar ƙasa mai girma ɗaya ta Terzaghi: ƙaramin matsin ruwa yana yaɗuwa cikin yumɓu cikin kwanaki, yumɓun kuma yana matsewa yayin da ingantaccen matsi ke ƙaruwa.
Karkacewar kusurwa: bambancin nutsewa a faɗin ginin raba da tsawonsa, a kan iyakokin Bjerrum.
β = (s_near − s_far) / L; 1/500 = 2 ‰ (limit where cracking is not acceptable), 1/300 = 3.3 ‰ (first cracking)[6][7]
Matsin ƙasa na zahiri na Peck a kan strut mafi ƙasa a tsayin da yake ɗaukarwa; da zurfin buɗaɗɗiyar fuska, haka yake ɗaukar fiye.
P = 0.3·γ·H · (half span above + h) · 5 m ≥ preload; shown as % of design load 2400 kN[2]Ƙididdiga ta misali don koyarwa, ba ƙima ta kowane wuri na gaske ba.
Karatun na'urori yana ɗauke da kuskuren aunawa — karanta alkibla, ba ƙima ɗaya-ɗaya ba.
reading = true value + N(0, σ); σ = 0.5 mm (settlement points), 1.0 mm (inclinometer)[1]Ƙididdiga ta misali don koyarwa, ba ƙima ta kowane wuri na gaske ba.
Madaidaitan da samfurin ke amfani da su
final depth 15 m · struts at 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 m, 5 m apart along the wall, crew starts 0.5 m below a level and needs 2 days · over-excavation allowance 4 m unsupported · wall 0.8 m concrete (EI = 1.28 GN·m²/m per m) · γ = 19 kN/m³ · building 12 m long, near edge 6 m behind the wall · water table 1 m · aquifer T = 300 m²/d, R = 400 m, excavation radius 12 m, recharge line 4 m behind the wall (effective radius 3 m) · clay 5 m above the aquifer, m_v = 0.2 /MPa, c_v = 0.15 m²/d · ground factors lognormal (σ 0.10 wall, 0.15 m_v, 0.20 c_v) · base unworkable below FS 1.05 · recharge capped at 55 % of the water pumped (supply from the discharge, well clogging)Ƙididdiga ta misali don koyarwa, ba ƙima ta kowane wuri na gaske ba.
Rashin tsari: mai samar da mulberry32 mai iri; rarrabawar da aka yi amfani da su — uniform, exponential (inverse CDF), normal (Box–Muller), Poisson (Knuth). Ana nuna iri kuma ana iya raba shi.
R. B. Peck — Deep excavations and tunneling in soft ground (apparent earth-pressure diagrams for braced cuts) — Proc. 7th ICSMFE, Mexico City, State-of-the-Art Volume, 225–290, 1969
G. W. Clough, T. D. O'Rourke — Construction induced movements of in-situ walls (system stiffness EI/(γw·h⁴), settlement envelopes) — ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 25, Design and Performance of Earth Retaining Structures, 439–470, 1990
C.-Y. Ou — Deep Excavation: Theory and Practice (upheaval / uplift check against a confined aquifer, dewatering, strut preload) — Taylor & Francis, 2006