🏗️ Dhismaha — la socodka qodista qotodheer Qaabka tooska ah
Waxaad tahay injineerka goobta ee god 15 m ah oo ay taageerayaan shan heer oo strut ah, oo dhismo ay 6 m ka dambeeyo darbiga. Maalin kasta oo la ekeysiiyey moodelku wuxuu qoddaa xawaarahaaga, wuxuu u oggolaadaa koox-strut-ka inay rakibaan heerka xiga, wuxuu foorarsadaa darbiga sida ay u badan tahay inta aan la taageerin, wuxuu dhaq-dhaqaaqa u faafiyaa god hoos-u-dhac ah dhismaha hoostiisa, wuxuuna hoos u dhigaa biyaha dhulka meel kasta oo aad bamba-gareyso. Waxaad aragtaa waxa goobtu aragto: akhrisyada inclinometer-ka iyo hoos-u-dhaca oo leh khalad cabbir. Ciyaar waxbarasho oo kaliya — tirooyinku waa muunad, ma aha naqshad injineernimo.
Waxa aad baran doonto
Sababta dhererka aan la taageerin uu go'aamiyo dhaqdhaqaaqa darbiga: adkaantu waxay hoos u dhacdaa awoodda afraad ee dhererka, sidaa darteed hal mitir oo la xad-dhaafiyey wuxuu ku kacaa wax aad uga badan hal mitir oo waqtigeeda la qoday.
Sida biyo-saarku u ilaaliyo gunta qodista inaysan kor u kicin — iyo sababta isla hoos-u-dhaca heerka biyuhu u isku-cufo dhoobada hoosta dhismaha deriska.
Habka indha-indheynta ee dhaqanka: heerarka kicinta, akhrisyo buuq leh, iyo tallaabooyin degdeg ah oo la qorsheeyey ka hor inta aan loo baahnayn.
Jile
Waqti 0 d
━Strut la rakibay
┅Strut ayaa la rakibayaa
▼Wejiga xad-dhaafka la qoday
✓Ka hooseeya heerka digniinta
!Heerka digniinta waa la gaadhay
‼Heerka tallaabada waa la gaadhay
▤Berm ciid ah
┄Dhererka cadaadiska aquifer-ka
Xakamayaal
Mitirrada qoto-dheer ee maalintii laga saaro. 0 wuxuu joojiyaa qodayaasha.
Jooji qodista 0.5 m hoos u dhaca heerka strut-ka xiga ilaa strut-kaas la rakibo.
Xoogga jack-ga ee lagu qufulo strut kasta oo cusub, oo ah qayb ka mid ah culayskiisa naqshadda. Waxay quseysaa strut-yada laga bilaabo hadda la rakibo.
Ciid ka tag ama dhig cagta darbiga: waxay taageertaa wejiga furan (−2 m dherer aan la taageerin) laakiin inta ay joogto, qodis lama samayn karo.
Biyo lagu duray meel u dhow dhismaha si biyaha dhulka hoostiisa loogu hayo kor. Waa biyaha la bamgareeyay oo dib loo isticmaalay, ceelasha duristuna way xidhmaan, sidaa darteed ugu badnaan 55 % socodka la bamgareeyay ayaa dib u geli kara. Sidoo kale waxay ka soo horjeedaa biyo-saarka.
Tilmaamayaal
Hoos-u-dhaca dhismaha (akhris)
0.0mm
caadi
Foorarsiga darbiga (inclinometer)
0.0mm
caadi
Qalloocnaanta xagalka dhismaha
0.00‰
caadi
Isu-dheelitirka badbaadada ee kor-u-kicidda gunta
1.97
caadi
Hoos-u-dhaca dhismaha (moodel)
0.0 mm
Foorarsiga darbiga (moodel)
0.0 mm
Beddelka hoos-u-dhaca maalintii
0.0 mm/d
Qoto-dheeraynta qodista
0.0 m
Dherer aan la taageerin
0.0 m
Culayska strut-ka ugu hooseeya
0 %
Heerarka strut-ka ee la rakibay
0
Hoos-u-dhaca heerka biyaha godka hoostiisa
0.0 m
Hoos-u-dhaca heerka biyaha dhismaha hoostiisa
0.0 m
Hoos-u-dhaca isku-cufnaanta
0.0 mm
Maalmaha xad-dhaafka qodista
0 d
Biyaha la bamgareeyay ilaa hadda
0 10³ m³
Dib-u-buuxinta dhab ahaan la duray
0 m³/h
Isbeddel
Xaaladaha dhibaatada
Heerka 1 · Qod xawaaraha strut-yada
Qodayaasha waxay qodi karaan 0.8 m maalintii barnaamijkuna wuxuu rabaa xawaarahaas. Koox-strut-ku waxay u baahan tahay laba maalmood heer kasta waxayna bilaabi kartaa kaliya marka qodista ay tahay 0.5 m ka hooseysa, sidaa darteed xawaaraha buuxa wejiga godku wuu ka horreeyaa taageerada. Mulkiilaha dhismaha darbiga gadaashiisa ku yaal wuxuu oggolaaday xad hoos-u-dhac ah oo 12 mm. Gaadh gunta 15 m 40 maalmood gudahood, dhismaha ku hay 12 mm ka hooseeya iyo foorarsiga darbiga 15 mm ka hooseeya.
Hoos-u-dhaca dhismaha marna ha ka sarreyn 12 mm
Foorarsiga darbiga dhammaadka ≤ 15 mm
Gaadh qoto-dheer 15 m
Heerka 2 · Biyo-saar deris hoostiisa
Lakab biyood ciid ah oo xidhan ayaa ku jira 22 m hoos. Qiyaastii 9 m ka hooseysa, ciidda ka hartay gunta hoosteeda mar dambe ma xakamayn karto cadaadiska biyihiisa, sidaa darteed lakabka biyaha waa in la bamgareeyo inta qodistu sii qoto dheeraato — isu-dheelitirka badbaadada ee kor-u-kicidda gunta ugu yaraan 1.2 had iyo jeer. Maalinta 8aad kooxda biyo-saarku waxay ceelasha u furaan 450 m³/h. Lakab dhoobo ah ayaa ku yaal lakabka biyaha dusha, dhismaha deriska hoostiisa. Ruqsadda daadintu waxay oggoshahay 280 kun m³ shaqada oo dhan. Gaadh 15 m 45 maalmood gudahood, iyadoo hoos-u-dhaca dhismaha dhammaadka uu ahaado ugu badnaan 30 mm.
Isu-dheelitirka badbaadada ee kor-u-kicidda gunta marna ha ka hoosayn 1.2
Hoos-u-dhaca dhismaha dhammaadka ≤ 25 mm
Wadarta la bamgareeyay ≤ 280 kun m³ (ruqsadda daadinta)
Gaadh qoto-dheer 15 m
Heerka 3 · Birtu way daahday
Qandaraaslahu wuxuu si joogto ah u qodaa 0.7 m maalintii iyadoo aan barta joojin la lahayn, koox-strut-kuna way la socotay ilaa hadda. Maalinta 15, iyadoo wejiga godku horeba ku jiro heerka afraad ee strut-ka, birta heerkaas waxay dib u dhacaysaa toddobaad. Strut-yada 1–3 way ku rakiban yihiin. Strut-ka ugu hooseeya ku hay culayskiisa naqshadda gudahiisa iyo foorarsiga darbiga 30 mm ka hooseeya, weliba gaadh 15 m maalinta 30.
Culayska strut-ka ugu hooseeya marna ha ka sarreyn 100 % ee naqshadda
Foorarsiga darbiga dhammaadka ≤ 30 mm
Gaadh qoto-dheer 15 m
Aasaas — moodelka ka dambeeya tirooyinka
Xiriir kasta oo jilaha isticmaalo, iyo ilaha uu ka yimid. Mudnaanta lagu calaamadiyay malo-awaal waa hagaajin muunad ah.
Adkaanta nidaamka ee Clough & O'Rourke: adkaanta foorarsiga ee darbiga oo loo qaybiyo awoodda afraad ee dhererka aan la taageerin.
S = EI / (γw · h⁴), h = depth − lowest strut level (unsupported height)[3][5]
Mitir kasta oo la qoday wuxuu ku daraa foorarsi xawaare kor u kacaya marka adkaanta nidaamku hoos u dhacdo; culeyska hore wuu dhimaa, wejiga furan ee ka qoto dheer barta joojinta wuu gurmadaa.
Δδh = ΔH · ρ(S) · (1 − 0.8·preload); ρ(%) = clip(2.3 − 0.7·log10 S, 0.12, 1.6); creep 2.5 mm/d per m of h above 3.5 m (berm −2 m)[3][5][10]Cabbirro muunad ah oo waxbarasho; ma aha qiyam goob dhab ah.
Hoos-u-dhaca dhulka ee darbiga gadaashiisa: qiyaastii 0.75 × foorarsiga darbiga, siman ilaa 0.75 H, eber ku dhammaanaya 2 H (jaakad dhoobo jilicsan ilaa dhexdhexaad ah).
δv,max = 0.75·δh,max; δv(d) = δv,max for d ≤ 0.75H, × (2 − d/H)/1.25 to 0 at d = 2H[3][4]
Ciidda ka hartay hoostaasha waa inay ka culusaato cadaadiska biyaha xiran ee kor u riixaya aquifer-ka.
Socodka degganaanta ee Thiem: hoos-u-dhaca heerka biyuhu wuxuu ku dhacaa logaritamka masaafada ceelasha; ceelasha dib-u-buuxintu waxay ku daraan saameyn ka soo horjeedda.
s(r) = Q/(2πT)·ln(R/r) − Q_r/(2πT)·ln(R/r_r) (steady radial flow, superposition; heads lag the steady state with τ = 1.5 d); Q_r ≤ 0.55·Q[9]Cabbirro muunad ah oo waxbarasho; ma aha qiyam goob dhab ah.
Isku-cufnaanta 1-D ee Terzaghi: cadaadiska biyaha oo la dhimay wuxuu u faafaa dhoobada maalmo gudahood, dhoobaduna way isku cufmataa marka culeyska wax-ku-ool ah kordho.
Qalloocnaanta xagal: farqiga hoos-u-dhaca dhismaha oo loo qaybiyo dhererkiisa, marka loo eego xadka Bjerrum.
β = (s_near − s_far) / L; 1/500 = 2 ‰ (limit where cracking is not acceptable), 1/300 = 3.3 ‰ (first cracking)[6][7]
Cadaadiska dhulka ee muuqaalka ah ee Peck ee strut-ka ugu hooseeya dhererkiisa ay u qaadaan; sida wejiga furan u qotodheer yahay, ayuu u badan qaadaa.
P = 0.3·γ·H · (half span above + h) · 5 m ≥ preload; shown as % of design load 2400 kN[2]Cabbirro muunad ah oo waxbarasho; ma aha qiyam goob dhab ah.
Akhrisyada qalabku waxay leeyihiin khalad cabbir — akhri jihooyinka, ma aha qiyam keliya.
reading = true value + N(0, σ); σ = 0.5 mm (settlement points), 1.0 mm (inclinometer)[1]Cabbirro muunad ah oo waxbarasho; ma aha qiyam goob dhab ah.
Joogteyaasha moodelku isticmaalo
final depth 15 m · struts at 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 m, 5 m apart along the wall, crew starts 0.5 m below a level and needs 2 days · over-excavation allowance 4 m unsupported · wall 0.8 m concrete (EI = 1.28 GN·m²/m per m) · γ = 19 kN/m³ · building 12 m long, near edge 6 m behind the wall · water table 1 m · aquifer T = 300 m²/d, R = 400 m, excavation radius 12 m, recharge line 4 m behind the wall (effective radius 3 m) · clay 5 m above the aquifer, m_v = 0.2 /MPa, c_v = 0.15 m²/d · ground factors lognormal (σ 0.10 wall, 0.15 m_v, 0.20 c_v) · base unworkable below FS 1.05 · recharge capped at 55 % of the water pumped (supply from the discharge, well clogging)Cabbirro muunad ah oo waxbarasho; ma aha qiyam goob dhab ah.
Aan-kala-sooc: abuurahaha mulberry32 oo abuur leh; qaybinta la isticmaalay — isku-mid, tibaax (CDF rogan), caadi (Box–Muller), Poisson (Knuth). Abuurka waa la muujiyaa waana la wadaagi karaa.
R. B. Peck — Deep excavations and tunneling in soft ground (apparent earth-pressure diagrams for braced cuts) — Proc. 7th ICSMFE, Mexico City, State-of-the-Art Volume, 225–290, 1969
G. W. Clough, T. D. O'Rourke — Construction induced movements of in-situ walls (system stiffness EI/(γw·h⁴), settlement envelopes) — ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 25, Design and Performance of Earth Retaining Structures, 439–470, 1990
C.-Y. Ou — Deep Excavation: Theory and Practice (upheaval / uplift check against a confined aquifer, dewatering, strut preload) — Taylor & Francis, 2006