🌱 Sarrafa yanayin gidan gilashi Samfurin kai-tsaye

Tushe — samfurin da ke bayan lambobin

Kowace alaƙa da na'urar koyi ke amfani da ita, tare da tushenta. Ƙayyadaddun ƙimomin da aka yi wa alama a matsayin zato daidaitawa ne na misali.

Zafin iska yana bin ma'aunin makamashi: rana ta shigo, zafi ya fita ta murfin da iskar shiga, zafin da ake amfani da shi wajen ƙafe ruwa, da dumama.

C·dT/dt = τ·I·(1 − 0.6·0.75·screen) − λ·(E_crop + E_fog) + Q_heat + (U·Ac/Af + ρc_p·Q_v)·(T_out − T) + G_soil·(T_soil − T)[1]Zato: girman gidan gilashi, ƙarfin riƙe zafi, bututun iska, labule, hazo da ma'aunin amfanin gona ƙimomi ne na misali don gidan gilashi na zamani; kimiyyar lissafi ita ce ta wani ɓangaren iska guda da aka gauraya da kyau. Wurare na gaske suna daidaita kowane ƙayyadadden ƙima.

Asarar zafi ta murfin ita ce U × faɗi × bambancin zafi; labule a rufe yana rage U, sararin samaniyar dare mai tsabta yana ƙara shi.

U = 6.2 − (6.2 − 4.0)·screen W/m²K (single glass → with thermal blanket); ×(1 + 0.25·clear sky) at night[1]Zato: girman gidan gilashi, ƙarfin riƙe zafi, bututun iska, labule, hazo da ma'aunin amfanin gona ƙimomi ne na misali don gidan gilashi na zamani; kimiyyar lissafi ita ce ta wani ɓangaren iska guda da aka gauraya da kyau. Wurare na gaske suna daidaita kowane ƙayyadadden ƙima.

Iskar shiga ita ce zubewa tare da kwararar da iska ke tuƙawa ta bututun iska da aka buɗe.

Q_v = (N·H/3600 + vent·C_w·max(1, u_wind))·(1 − 0.4·screen), N = 0.75 h⁻¹[1][4]Zato: girman gidan gilashi, ƙarfin riƙe zafi, bututun iska, labule, hazo da ma'aunin amfanin gona ƙimomi ne na misali don gidan gilashi na zamani; kimiyyar lissafi ita ce ta wani ɓangaren iska guda da aka gauraya da kyau. Wurare na gaske suna daidaita kowane ƙayyadadden ƙima.

Matsin tururin ruwa mai cikakken ɗanshi yana ƙaruwa sosai da zafi; VPD shi ne nisan iska daga cikakken ɗanshi.

e_s(T) = 0.6108·exp(17.27·T / (T + 237.3)) kPa; VPD = e_s(T) − e_a; RH = e_a / e_s(T)[2]

Ma'aunin tururin ruwa: fitar ruwa daga shuka da hazo suna ƙara ɗanshi, iskar shiga da narkewa a gilashi mai sanyi suna rage shi.

H·dχ/dt = E_crop + E_fog − Q_v·(χ − χ_out) − k_c·(Ac/Af)·(1 − 0.7·screen)·max(0, e_a − e_s(T_cover)), χ = e·M_w/(R·T)[6][2]Zato: girman gidan gilashi, ƙarfin riƙe zafi, bututun iska, labule, hazo da ma'aunin amfanin gona ƙimomi ne na misali don gidan gilashi na zamani; kimiyyar lissafi ita ce ta wani ɓangaren iska guda da aka gauraya da kyau. Wurare na gaske suna daidaita kowane ƙayyadadden ƙima.

Fitar ruwa daga shuka tana da ɓangaren hasken rana da ɓangaren da busasshiyar iska (VPD) ke motsawa.

E_crop = A·(1 − e^(−k·LAI))·I_in/λ + B·LAI·VPD (A 0.45, k 0.64, LAI 3, B 0.02 kg/m²·h·kPa by day)[3]Zato: girman gidan gilashi, ƙarfin riƙe zafi, bututun iska, labule, hazo da ma'aunin amfanin gona ƙimomi ne na misali don gidan gilashi na zamani; kimiyyar lissafi ita ce ta wani ɓangaren iska guda da aka gauraya da kyau. Wurare na gaske suna daidaita kowane ƙayyadadden ƙima.

Hazo yana sanyaya iyakar abin da ya ƙafe kawai: kusan 2.45 MJ a kowace lita, fiye a iska busasshiya fiye da mai ɗanshi.

E_fog = fog·0.4 kg/m²·h × min(1, VPD/0.8); each evaporated kg removes λ = 2.45 MJ of sensible heat; the rest wets leaves[1][2]Zato: girman gidan gilashi, ƙarfin riƙe zafi, bututun iska, labule, hazo da ma'aunin amfanin gona ƙimomi ne na misali don gidan gilashi na zamani; kimiyyar lissafi ita ce ta wani ɓangaren iska guda da aka gauraya da kyau. Wurare na gaske suna daidaita kowane ƙayyadadden ƙima.

Ma'aunin CO₂: zubawa ta shiga, iskar shiga da shan amfanin gona su fita.

H·dC/dt = dose − Q_v·(C − C_out) − P_net; dosing ≈ 5.5 g/m²·h holds ≈ 1000 ppm at 1 air change per hour[1]

Photosynthesis tana amsa haske, CO₂, zafi da VPD; amsar CO₂ tana bin ƙa'idar ƙiyasi da aka buga don amfanin gona masu 'ya'ya a gidan gilashi.

P = P_ref·(1 − e^(−I_in/300))·exp(150/400 − 150/C)·f(T: 1 at 17–27 °C)·f(VPD) (from the CO₂ rule dP/P = 1.5 %·(1000/C)² per 100 ppm)[5][7]Zato: girman gidan gilashi, ƙarfin riƙe zafi, bututun iska, labule, hazo da ma'aunin amfanin gona ƙimomi ne na misali don gidan gilashi na zamani; kimiyyar lissafi ita ce ta wani ɓangaren iska guda da aka gauraya da kyau. Wurare na gaske suna daidaita kowane ƙayyadadden ƙima.

Masu ƙirga damuwar amfanin gona: sa'o'in zafi da yawa, sanyi da yawa, ko ɗanshi har ya isa ga ƙwayar fungi mai launin toka.

heat hours: T > 35 °C · cold hours: T < 10 °C · disease-risk hours: RH ≥ 90 % or wet leaves · GDD = Σ max(0, T − 10)·Δt[1][7][8][10]

Yanayi a waje: lanƙwasar zafi ta yini, wurin raɓa na dindindin, hasken rana da gajimare ya rage, sauye-sauyen gajimare da iska ba bisa ƙa'ida ba.

T_out = T̄ + A·cos(2π(h − 15)/24); e_out = e_s(T_dew); I = I_clear·(1 − 0.75·N^3.4); cloud N and wind fluctuate (normal, seeded)[9][2]Zato: girman gidan gilashi, ƙarfin riƙe zafi, bututun iska, labule, hazo da ma'aunin amfanin gona ƙimomi ne na misali don gidan gilashi na zamani; kimiyyar lissafi ita ce ta wani ɓangaren iska guda da aka gauraya da kyau. Wurare na gaske suna daidaita kowane ƙayyadadden ƙima.

Sauran ƙayyadaddun ƙimomin da samfurin ke amfani da su.

height 4.5 m · cover/floor 1.2 · τ 0.8 · heat capacity 30 kJ/m²K · heating ≤ 180 W/m² · screen blocks 60 % of light (75 % of that as heat) and 40 % of air exchange, and hides 70 % of the cold glass (condensation) · vents 0.016 m³/s·m² per m/s wind · soil 2 W/m²K · fog ≤ 0.4 L/m²·h · CO₂ ≤ 8 g/m²·h · P_ref 4 g CO₂/m²·h · condensation 1.9·10⁻⁸ kg/m²·s·PaZato: girman gidan gilashi, ƙarfin riƙe zafi, bututun iska, labule, hazo da ma'aunin amfanin gona ƙimomi ne na misali don gidan gilashi na zamani; kimiyyar lissafi ita ce ta wani ɓangaren iska guda da aka gauraya da kyau. Wurare na gaske suna daidaita kowane ƙayyadadden ƙima.

Rashin tsari: mai samar da mulberry32 mai iri; rarrabawar da aka yi amfani da su — uniform, exponential (inverse CDF), normal (Box–Muller), Poisson (Knuth). Ana nuna iri kuma ana iya raba shi.

Tushe

1. ANSI/ASAE EP406.4 JAN2003 (R2008) — Heating, Ventilating and Cooling Greenhouses (eq. 1–4, Table 1 U-values, Table 2 infiltration: new glass or fiberglass 0.50–1.0 h⁻¹, §5.8.5 CO₂ injection, §7.1.3 temperature limits); since withdrawn, available from ASABE as a historical document — American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003
2. R. G. Allen, L. S. Pereira, D. Raes, M. Smith — Crop evapotranspiration, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56 (eq. 11 saturation vapour pressure, eq. 14 dew point, λ = 2.45 MJ/kg) — FAO, Rome, 1998
3. M. Baille, A. Baille, J. C. Laury — A simplified model for predicting evapotranspiration rate of nine ornamental species vs. climate factors and leaf area — Scientia Horticulturae 59:217–232, 1994
4. T. Boulard, A. Baille — Modelling of air exchange rate in a greenhouse equipped with continuous roof vents — Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 61(1):37–48, 1995
5. E. M. Nederhoff — Effects of CO₂ concentration on photosynthesis, transpiration and production of greenhouse fruit vegetable crops (PhD thesis; CO₂ rule) — Wageningen Agricultural University, 1994
6. B. H. E. Vanthoor, C. Stanghellini, E. J. van Henten, P. H. B. de Visser — A methodology for model-based greenhouse design: Part 1, a greenhouse climate model for a broad range of designs and climates — Biosystems Engineering 110:363–377, 2011
7. R. R. Shamshiri et al. — Review of optimum temperature, humidity, and vapour pressure deficit for microclimate evaluation and control in greenhouse cultivation of tomato: a review — International Agrophysics 32:287–302, 2018
8. Identifying and Managing Three Major Disease Threats in Greenhouse Tomatoes: Leaf Mold, Gray Mold, and Bacterial Wilt (SPES-820) — Virginia Cooperative Extension
9. F. Kasten, G. Czeplak — Solar and terrestrial radiation dependent on the amount and type of cloud — Solar Energy 24:177–189, 1980
10. G. S. McMaster, W. W. Wilhelm — Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations — Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 87:291–300, 1997