🌱 Maamulka cimilada guriga dhirta Qaabka tooska ah

Aasaas — moodelka ka dambeeya tirooyinka

Xiriir kasta oo jilaha isticmaalo, iyo ilaha uu ka yimid. Mudnaanta lagu calaamadiyay malo-awaal waa hagaajin muunad ah.

Heerkulka hawadu wuxuu raacaa dheelitirka tamarta: qorraxdu waa gelaysaa, kulaylku wuxuu ka baxaa daboolka iyo hawada hawo-marinta, kulaylka biyaha uumi-bixinta loo isticmaalo, lagana bilaabo kululaynta.

C·dT/dt = τ·I·(1 − 0.6·0.75·screen) − λ·(E_crop + E_fog) + Q_heat + (U·Ac/Af + ρc_p·Q_v)·(T_out − T) + G_soil·(T_soil − T)[1]Filasho: cabbirka guriga dhirta, awoodda kulaylka, dariishadaha, daahyada, ceeryaanta iyo isku-xirayaasha dalagga waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay guri dhirta casri ah oo muraayad ah; fiisigisku waa mugga hawo keliya oo si wanaagsan isku-dhafan. Goobaha dhabta ahi mid kasta waa ay hagaajiyaan.

Luminta kulayl ee daboolka waa U × aag × farqiga heerkulka; daah xiran ayaa hoos u dhiga U, cirka habeenka cad ayaa kor u qaada.

U = 6.2 − (6.2 − 4.0)·screen W/m²K (single glass → with thermal blanket); ×(1 + 0.25·clear sky) at night[1]Filasho: cabbirka guriga dhirta, awoodda kulaylka, dariishadaha, daahyada, ceeryaanta iyo isku-xirayaasha dalagga waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay guri dhirta casri ah oo muraayad ah; fiisigisku waa mugga hawo keliya oo si wanaagsan isku-dhafan. Goobaha dhabta ahi mid kasta waa ay hagaajiyaan.

Hawo-marintu waa dhaqdhaqaaq-yaraan iyo socod dabayl wado oo ka dhex maraya dariishadaha furan.

Q_v = (N·H/3600 + vent·C_w·max(1, u_wind))·(1 − 0.4·screen), N = 0.75 h⁻¹[1][4]Filasho: cabbirka guriga dhirta, awoodda kulaylka, dariishadaha, daahyada, ceeryaanta iyo isku-xirayaasha dalagga waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay guri dhirta casri ah oo muraayad ah; fiisigisku waa mugga hawo keliya oo si wanaagsan isku-dhafan. Goobaha dhabta ahi mid kasta waa ay hagaajiyaan.

Cadaadiska uumiga buuxsamay wuxuu si degdeg ah u kordhaa heerkulka; VPD waa inta hawadu ka fog tahay buuxsanaanta.

e_s(T) = 0.6108·exp(17.27·T / (T + 237.3)) kPa; VPD = e_s(T) − e_a; RH = e_a / e_s(T)[2]

Dheelitirka uumiga biyaha: dhidid-bixinta iyo ceeryaanku way kordhiyaan qoyaanka, hawo-marinta iyo kaadiyaha muraayadda qabow way saaraan.

H·dχ/dt = E_crop + E_fog − Q_v·(χ − χ_out) − k_c·(Ac/Af)·(1 − 0.7·screen)·max(0, e_a − e_s(T_cover)), χ = e·M_w/(R·T)[6][2]Filasho: cabbirka guriga dhirta, awoodda kulaylka, dariishadaha, daahyada, ceeryaanta iyo isku-xirayaasha dalagga waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay guri dhirta casri ah oo muraayad ah; fiisigisku waa mugga hawo keliya oo si wanaagsan isku-dhafan. Goobaha dhabta ahi mid kasta waa ay hagaajiyaan.

Dhidid-bixinta dalaggu waxay leedahay qayb shucaac ah iyo qayb ay wadayso hawo engegan (VPD).

E_crop = A·(1 − e^(−k·LAI))·I_in/λ + B·LAI·VPD (A 0.45, k 0.64, LAI 3, B 0.02 kg/m²·h·kPa by day)[3]Filasho: cabbirka guriga dhirta, awoodda kulaylka, dariishadaha, daahyada, ceeryaanta iyo isku-xirayaasha dalagga waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay guri dhirta casri ah oo muraayad ah; fiisigisku waa mugga hawo keliya oo si wanaagsan isku-dhafan. Goobaha dhabta ahi mid kasta waa ay hagaajiyaan.

Ceeryaanku wuxuu qaboojiyaa inta uu uumi-baxo oo keliya: qiyaastii 2.45 MJ halkii litir, in ka badan hawo engegan marka loo eego hawo qoyan.

E_fog = fog·0.4 kg/m²·h × min(1, VPD/0.8); each evaporated kg removes λ = 2.45 MJ of sensible heat; the rest wets leaves[1][2]Filasho: cabbirka guriga dhirta, awoodda kulaylka, dariishadaha, daahyada, ceeryaanta iyo isku-xirayaasha dalagga waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay guri dhirta casri ah oo muraayad ah; fiisigisku waa mugga hawo keliya oo si wanaagsan isku-dhafan. Goobaha dhabta ahi mid kasta waa ay hagaajiyaan.

Dheelitirka CO₂: ku-darista ayaa gelisa, hawo-marinta iyo nuugista dalaggu way saaraan.

H·dC/dt = dose − Q_v·(C − C_out) − P_net; dosing ≈ 5.5 g/m²·h holds ≈ 1000 ppm at 1 air change per hour[1]

Sawir-qaadka cagaarku wuxuu ka jawaabaa iftiinka, CO₂, heerkulka iyo VPD; jawaabta CO₂ waxay raacdaa xeer-gacmeed la daabacay oo loogu talagalay dalagga midhaha ee guryaha dhirta.

P = P_ref·(1 − e^(−I_in/300))·exp(150/400 − 150/C)·f(T: 1 at 17–27 °C)·f(VPD) (from the CO₂ rule dP/P = 1.5 %·(1000/C)² per 100 ppm)[5][7]Filasho: cabbirka guriga dhirta, awoodda kulaylka, dariishadaha, daahyada, ceeryaanta iyo isku-xirayaasha dalagga waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay guri dhirta casri ah oo muraayad ah; fiisigisku waa mugga hawo keliya oo si wanaagsan isku-dhafan. Goobaha dhabta ahi mid kasta waa ay hagaajiyaan.

Tirooyinka walaaca dalagga: saacadaha aadka u kulul, aadka u qabow, ama qoyaan ku filan caaryada cawlan.

heat hours: T > 35 °C · cold hours: T < 10 °C · disease-risk hours: RH ≥ 90 % or wet leaves · GDD = Σ max(0, T − 10)·Δt[1][7][8][10]

Cimilada dibadda: qalooca heerkulka maalinlaha ah, barta safka joogta ah, qorraxda ay yareeyaan daruuruhu, iyo isbeddello aan kala sooc lahayn oo daruuro iyo dabayl ah.

T_out = T̄ + A·cos(2π(h − 15)/24); e_out = e_s(T_dew); I = I_clear·(1 − 0.75·N^3.4); cloud N and wind fluctuate (normal, seeded)[9][2]Filasho: cabbirka guriga dhirta, awoodda kulaylka, dariishadaha, daahyada, ceeryaanta iyo isku-xirayaasha dalagga waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay guri dhirta casri ah oo muraayad ah; fiisigisku waa mugga hawo keliya oo si wanaagsan isku-dhafan. Goobaha dhabta ahi mid kasta waa ay hagaajiyaan.

Isku-xirayaal kale oo moodelku isticmaalo.

height 4.5 m · cover/floor 1.2 · τ 0.8 · heat capacity 30 kJ/m²K · heating ≤ 180 W/m² · screen blocks 60 % of light (75 % of that as heat) and 40 % of air exchange, and hides 70 % of the cold glass (condensation) · vents 0.016 m³/s·m² per m/s wind · soil 2 W/m²K · fog ≤ 0.4 L/m²·h · CO₂ ≤ 8 g/m²·h · P_ref 4 g CO₂/m²·h · condensation 1.9·10⁻⁸ kg/m²·s·PaFilasho: cabbirka guriga dhirta, awoodda kulaylka, dariishadaha, daahyada, ceeryaanta iyo isku-xirayaasha dalagga waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay guri dhirta casri ah oo muraayad ah; fiisigisku waa mugga hawo keliya oo si wanaagsan isku-dhafan. Goobaha dhabta ahi mid kasta waa ay hagaajiyaan.

Aan-kala-sooc: abuurahaha mulberry32 oo abuur leh; qaybinta la isticmaalay — isku-mid, tibaax (CDF rogan), caadi (Box–Muller), Poisson (Knuth). Abuurka waa la muujiyaa waana la wadaagi karaa.

Ilaha

1. ANSI/ASAE EP406.4 JAN2003 (R2008) — Heating, Ventilating and Cooling Greenhouses (eq. 1–4, Table 1 U-values, Table 2 infiltration: new glass or fiberglass 0.50–1.0 h⁻¹, §5.8.5 CO₂ injection, §7.1.3 temperature limits); since withdrawn, available from ASABE as a historical document — American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003
2. R. G. Allen, L. S. Pereira, D. Raes, M. Smith — Crop evapotranspiration, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56 (eq. 11 saturation vapour pressure, eq. 14 dew point, λ = 2.45 MJ/kg) — FAO, Rome, 1998
3. M. Baille, A. Baille, J. C. Laury — A simplified model for predicting evapotranspiration rate of nine ornamental species vs. climate factors and leaf area — Scientia Horticulturae 59:217–232, 1994
4. T. Boulard, A. Baille — Modelling of air exchange rate in a greenhouse equipped with continuous roof vents — Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 61(1):37–48, 1995
5. E. M. Nederhoff — Effects of CO₂ concentration on photosynthesis, transpiration and production of greenhouse fruit vegetable crops (PhD thesis; CO₂ rule) — Wageningen Agricultural University, 1994
6. B. H. E. Vanthoor, C. Stanghellini, E. J. van Henten, P. H. B. de Visser — A methodology for model-based greenhouse design: Part 1, a greenhouse climate model for a broad range of designs and climates — Biosystems Engineering 110:363–377, 2011
7. R. R. Shamshiri et al. — Review of optimum temperature, humidity, and vapour pressure deficit for microclimate evaluation and control in greenhouse cultivation of tomato: a review — International Agrophysics 32:287–302, 2018
8. Identifying and Managing Three Major Disease Threats in Greenhouse Tomatoes: Leaf Mold, Gray Mold, and Bacterial Wilt (SPES-820) — Virginia Cooperative Extension
9. F. Kasten, G. Czeplak — Solar and terrestrial radiation dependent on the amount and type of cloud — Solar Energy 24:177–189, 1980
10. G. S. McMaster, W. W. Wilhelm — Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations — Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 87:291–300, 1997