🏢 Hanti-dhismeed — hawlgalka dhismaha xafiis Qaabka tooska ah

Aasaas — moodelka ka dambeeya tirooyinka

Xiriir kasta oo jilaha isticmaalo, iyo ilaha uu ka yimid. Mudnaanta lagu calaamadiyay malo-awaal waa hagaajin muunad ah.

Dhismaha oo ah shabakad kuleyl oo yar: hawada qolka iyo dusha gudaha kuma kaydiyaan kuleylka, shubka dhismuhuse wuu kaydiyaa. Kuleylku wuxuu ku socdaa xiriir kasta si u dhigma farqiga heerkulka.

air: H_ve(θo − θa) + H_is(θs − θa) + Φ_ia + Φ_HC = 0; surface: H_is(θa − θs) + H_w(θo − θs) + H_ms(θm − θs) + Φ_st = 0; mass: C_m·dθm/dt = H_ms(θs − θm) + H_em(θo − θm) + Φ_m[1][2]

Qiyam caadi ah oo dhisme culus: qaabdhismeedku wuxuu kaydiyaa 260 kJ kelvin kasta oo m² dabaq kasta ah, wuxuuna si dhow ugu xiran yahay dusha qolka. Badhkii kuleylka gudaha wuxuu si toos ah ugu gala hawada, inta kale iyo qorraxduna waxay ku dhacaan dusha iyo xaydhka.

C_m = 260 000·A_f J/K, A_m = 3.0·A_f, A_tot = 4.5·A_f, H_is = 3.45·A_tot, H_ms = 9.1·A_m (W/K); Φ_ia = 0.5·Φ_int, Φ_m = (A_m/A_tot)(0.5·Φ_int + Φ_sol)[1][2]

Mitir kuuban kasta ee hawada dibadda ah ee ilbiriqsi kasta wuxuu qaadaa 1.2 kW kelvin kasta oo farqiga u dhexeeya gudaha iyo dibadda ah.

H_ve = ρc·(Q_oa + Q_inf), ρc = 1200 J/(m³K)[1]

Moodelka raaxada ee Fanger wuxuu isu dheelitiraa kuleylka qofku soo saaro iyo kan uu lumiyo isagoo adeegsanaya habdhaqaaqa hawada, shucaaca, dhidid iyo neefta. PMV 0 waa dhexdhexaad; ±0.5 waa xadka raaxada caadiga ah, halkaas oo ku dhawaad 10 % weli aan ku qanacsanayn.

PMV = (0.303·e^(−0.036M) + 0.028)·[(M − W) − heat losses(θa, θ_r, v, p_a, I_cl)], θ_r ≈ θs; PPD = 100 − 95·exp(−0.03353·PMV⁴ − 0.2179·PMV²)[3][4]

Habka heerka hawo-isweydaarsiga ee xafiisyada: hal qayb qof kasta, hal qayb aagga dabaqa. Xakamaynta baahida ku xiran waxay raacdaa dadka dhab ahaan joogo.

V_bz = R_p·N + R_a·A = 2.5 L/s·N + 0.3 L/s·m²·A; fixed = V_bz(design 250 people) = 2,125 L/s; DCV = V_bz(N present); purge = 100 % outdoor air (6 m³/s, the AHU limit)[5]

CO₂ ee dhisme si wanaagsan isku-dhafan: dadku way ku daraan, hawada dibaddu way dhalaalisaa. Heerku wuxuu u socdaa C_out + N·G/Q iyadoo joogtada waqtigu tahay V/Q — qiyaastii saacad iyo badh marka socodka naqshadda la isticmaalo.

V·dC/dt = Q(C_out − C) + N·G, G = 0.0048 L/s; C_ss = C_out + N·G/Q, τ = V/Q[6][5][7]

Kuleylka gudaha: dadka, nalalka iyo qalabka xafiiska; qorraxda daaqadaha soo marta waxay ugu sarreysaa galabta hore.

Φ_int = 75 W·N + lights 7 W/m² + plugs 10 W/m²·(0.25 + 0.75·N/250); Φ_sol = 100 kW·sin(π(h − 6)/13)·cloud[8]Malo-awaal: cabbirka dhismaha, qolofka, awoodaha qalabka, cufnaanta kuleylka lagu daro, qaybta Carnot, awoodda marawaxadaha, jadwallada iyo cimilada waa qiyam muunad ah oo loogu talagalay xafiis guud; xiriirka isu-dheelitirka kuleylka, raaxada, hawo-isweydaarsiga iyo CO₂ waa kuwa la daabacay.

Chiller-ku wuu ka adkaan shaqeeyaa marka dibaddu kulushahay, bambada kuleylkuna marka dibaddu qabow tahay — labaduba waxaa loo qaabeeyey sidii qayb go'an oo ka mid ah waxtarka ugu fiican (Carnot).

COP_cool = 0.45·T_e/(T_c − T_e), T_e = 5 °C, T_c = θo + 12 K; COP_heat = 0.45·T_c/(T_c − T_e), T_c = 45 °C, T_e = θo − 8 K[9]Malo-awaal: cabbirka dhismaha, qolofka, awoodaha qalabka, cufnaanta kuleylka lagu daro, qaybta Carnot, awoodda marawaxadaha, jadwallada iyo cimilada waa qiyam muunad ah oo loogu talagalay xafiis guud; xiriirka isu-dheelitirka kuleylka, raaxada, hawo-isweydaarsiga iyo CO₂ waa kuwa la daabacay.

Mitirku wuxuu duubaa awoodda celceliska ah ee 15 daqiiqo kasta; kharashka dalabku wuxuu dalacaa tan ugu sarreysa, sidaa darteed hal rubuc-saac xun ayaa go'aamiya kharashka.

P = Q_cool/COP_cool + Q_heat/COP_heat + fans (6 kW + 1.5 kW per m³/s outdoor air) + lights + plugs; billing demand = max over 15-min intervals of P[11]Malo-awaal: cabbirka dhismaha, qolofka, awoodaha qalabka, cufnaanta kuleylka lagu daro, qaybta Carnot, awoodda marawaxadaha, jadwallada iyo cimilada waa qiyam muunad ah oo loogu talagalay xafiis guud; xiriirka isu-dheelitirka kuleylka, raaxada, hawo-isweydaarsiga iyo CO₂ waa kuwa la daabacay.

Hore-u-qaboojintu waxay 'qabow' ku kaydisaa shubka habeenka, marka chiller-ku waxtar leeyahay oo dalabku hooseeyo; galabta dhismaha qabow wuxuu nuugaa kuleyl qalabku haddii kale ka saari lahaa.

cool the mass before the peak (θm ↓), then raise the setpoint: H_ms(θs − θm) absorbs part of the afternoon gain instead of the plant[10]

Bilow ugu fiican: sida ay u qabowdo dhismaha iyo cimiladu, ayaa dib-u-soo-nooleyntii hoos-u-dhigista u dheeraata, sidaa darteed qalabku waa inuu u bilaabo si ka hore intaas.

recovery time after setback grows with (θ_set − θm) and with colder weather; plant start = occupancy − recovery time[12][1]

Joogteyaal kale oo hawlgal oo moodelku isticmaalo.

5,000 m² office, 3 m storeys · windows 800 m² at U 1.8 (H_w 1,440 W/K), opaque envelope 1,000 W/K, infiltration 0.1 ACH · cooling capacity 350 kW, heat pump 300 kW (thermal) · unoccupied limits 15/30 °C · occupancy 07:30–18:30, attendance ~ N(85 %, 5 %) · outdoor temperature cosine + N(0, 0.8 K) hourly · RH 50 %, 0.1 m/s, 1.2 metMalo-awaal: cabbirka dhismaha, qolofka, awoodaha qalabka, cufnaanta kuleylka lagu daro, qaybta Carnot, awoodda marawaxadaha, jadwallada iyo cimilada waa qiyam muunad ah oo loogu talagalay xafiis guud; xiriirka isu-dheelitirka kuleylka, raaxada, hawo-isweydaarsiga iyo CO₂ waa kuwa la daabacay.

Aan-kala-sooc: abuurahaha mulberry32 oo abuur leh; qaybinta la isticmaalay — isku-mid, tibaax (CDF rogan), caadi (Box–Muller), Poisson (Knuth). Abuurka waa la muujiyaa waana la wadaagi karaa.

Ilaha

1. ISO 13790:2008 — Energy performance of buildings — Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling (simple hourly method, 5R1C network, Annex C; Table 12 mass classes) — International Organization for Standardization, 2008
2. Modelica Buildings Library — Buildings.ThermalZones.ISO13790 (Zone5R1C: h_is = 3.45, h_ms = 9.1 W/m²K, gain split; mass classes, e.g. Data.Heavy: 260 000 J/(K·m²), mass area factor 3.0) — Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
3. ISO 7730:2005 — Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices (Annex D program, Table D.1 check values) — International Organization for Standardization, 2005
4. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 — Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy (PMV −0.5…+0.5 comfort zone, PPD < 10 %) — ASHRAE, 2020
5. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1 — Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (Table 6-1, office space: R_p = 5 cfm (2.5 L/s) per person, R_a = 0.06 cfm/ft² (0.3 L/s·m²), 5 people / 1000 ft²; demand-controlled ventilation) — ASHRAE, 2022
6. A. Persily, L. de Jonge — Carbon dioxide generation rates for building occupants (office occupants ≈ 0.0048 L/s per person; steady-state ΔC = G/Q) — Indoor Air 27(5):868–879, 2017
7. 실내공기질 관리법 시행규칙 별표 2 — 실내공기질 유지기준 (이산화탄소 1,000 ppm 이하) — 대한민국 환경부 (국가법령정보센터)
8. ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals, Chapter 18 Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations (Table 1: moderately active office work, sensible ≈ 75 W per person) — ASHRAE, 2021
9. Y. A. Çengel, M. A. Boles — Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (reversed Carnot cycle: COP_R = T_L/(T_H − T_L), COP_HP = T_H/(T_H − T_L)) — McGraw-Hill, 9th ed., 2019
10. J. E. Braun — Load Control Using Building Thermal Mass (pre-cooling and setpoint adjustment to shift and reduce peak cooling demand) — ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125(3):292–301, 2003
11. J. McLaren, S. Mullendore — Identifying Potential Markets for Behind-the-Meter Battery Energy Storage: A Survey of U.S. Demand Charges (demand charge on the highest metered interval demand, kW) — NREL / Clean Energy Group, NREL/BR-6A20-68963, 2017
12. J. E. Seem, P. R. Armstrong, C. E. Hancock — Algorithms for predicting recovery time from night setback (optimal start) — ASHRAE Transactions 95(2), 1989