Kana gudanar da lissafin carbon na wani mai ƙera kaya na gama-gari. A kowane wata samfurin yana juya mai, wutar lantarki da sayayya zuwa tan na CO₂-daidai da ma'aunin hayaƙi da aka buga, yana tsara su zuwa Scope 1, 2 da 3 kamar yadda GHG Protocol ke yi, yana bin diddigin yadda bayanan suka cika da kuma yadda ba su tabbata ba, kuma yana kwatanta watanni goma sha biyu na ƙarshe da hanyar raguwa ta 4.2 % a shekara daga shekarar tushe. Kai ne ke yanke shawara kan aunawa, haɗa kai da masu kawo kaya, takaddun wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa, kuɗin carbon da ayyukan rage hayaƙi huɗu masu lokutan jira na gaske da kasafin kuɗi. Na'urar koyo ce kawai — ba shawarar lissafi, tabbatarwa, doka ko jari ba.
Abin da za ka koya
Yadda bayanan ayyuka da ma'aunin hayaƙi ke zama ƙididdiga ta Scope — da dalilin da ya sa ƙididdigar farko yawanci ba ta cika ba kuma ana sake bayyana ta.
Scope 2 bisa wuri da na bisa kasuwa, da dalilin da ya sa sauya dumama zuwa lantarki yake rage hayaƙi ne kawai idan wutar tana da tsafta.
Dalilin da ya sa Scope 3 bisa kashe kuɗi ba zai nuna ci gaban masu kawo kaya ba, dalilin da ya sa lokutan jira da kasafin carbon ke hukunta jinkirin aiki, da dalilin da ya sa kuɗin carbon ba sa zama raguwa.
Na'urar koyi
Lokaci 0 mo
1Scope 1 — man da ake ƙonawa a wurin
2Scope 2 — wutar lantarki da aka saya (bisa kasuwa)
3Scope 3 — kayan da aka saya
○Ba a tallafa wa aikin ba
⚙Ana gina aikin
✓Yana aiki
Sarrafawa
Ƙananan mita, rajistar mai da ɗaukar takardun lissafi ga kowane wuri: kason bayanan ayyuka da aka auna yana hawa zuwa 95 % cikin 'yan watanni. 10 k€ a wata.
Masu kawo kaya da aka haɗa kai da su suna raba bayanan hayaƙi na matakin samfur (maimakon matsakaicin da ke bisa kashe kuɗi) kuma, bayan sun tsara manufofi, suna rage ƙarfin hayaƙinsu da kansu. Yana kashe 4 k€ + 50 k€ × kaso a kowane wata.
Takaddun shaidar halayen makamashi suna sa kason da aka rufe ya zama sifili a Scope 2 bisa kasuwa. Scope 2 bisa wuri ba ya canzawa. Kusan 4 € ga kowace MWh.
Kuɗin carbon (credits) suna rage lambar “net” kaɗai. Jimillar hayaƙi da ci gaba zuwa manufa ba sa canzawa. Kusan 15 € ga kowace tan.
Haske, ɓuɓɓugar iska mai matsewa, injinan gudu mai canzawa: −10 % na wutar lantarki. 250 k€, a shirye cikin wata 2.
Kusan 100 MWh a wata a matsakaici, fiye a bazara. Yana rage hanyoyin Scope 2 biyu. 1,000 k€, a shirye cikin wata 6.
Yana ɗaukar fiye da rabin zafin aikin da iskar gas ke samarwa (ingancin tukunyar zafi 0.9 → COP na heat pump 3): ƙarancin Scope 1, ƙarin wutar lantarki. 2,000 k€, a shirye cikin wata 9.
Yana maye gurbin 80 % na ƙananan motocin ɗaukar kaya na dizal; na lantarki suna buƙatar kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku na makamashi. 800 k€, a shirye cikin wata 8.
Alamomi
Giɓi zuwa hanyar raguwa (watanni 12 masu gudana)
0.0%
gargaɗi
Rashin tabbas na ƙididdiga (95 %)
0.0%
daidai
Kasafin da aka yi amfani da shi
0%
daidai
Sake bayyana shekarar tushe
0
daidai
Jimillar hayaƙin wannan wata
0 t CO₂e
Scope 1 (mai)
0 t CO₂e
Scope 2, bisa kasuwa
0 t CO₂e
Scope 2, bisa wuri
0 t CO₂e
Scope 3, kayan da aka saya
0 t CO₂e
Kason Scope 3
0 %
Net bayan kuɗin carbon (ba a amfani da shi ga manufofi)
0 t CO₂e
Jimillar hayaƙin watanni 12 masu gudana
0.0 kt CO₂e
Izinin hanya na waɗannan watanni 12
0.0 kt CO₂e
Jimillar hayaƙi da aka tara da hanya (kasafin carbon)
0 %
Hayaƙin wata ga fitowar shekarar tushe
0 t CO₂e
Hayaƙin da aka bayar da rahoto da na gaskiya a wannan wata
0.0 %
Bayanan ayyuka da aka auna
90 %
Kashe kuɗi mai bayanai na takamaiman mai kaya
0 %
Kuɗin da aka kashe
0 k€
Samarwa idan aka kwatanta da shekarar tushe
100 %
Yanayi
Yanayin rikici
Mataki 1 · Ƙididdiga ta farko, bayanai marasa cika
Kamfanin yana shirya ƙididdigar iskar gas mai dumama yanayi ta farko; wannan shekara za ta zama shekarar tushe. Kusan 30 % na amfani da mai da wutar lantarki ne kawai aka auna — sauran an ƙiyasta daga bayanai marasa cika, kuma tabbas wasu wurare da takardun lissafi sun ɓace. Ana ƙidaya kayan da aka saya da matsakaicin bisa kashe kuɗi. Ana buga shekarar tushe bayan wata na 12, kuma aikin tabbatarwa na farko mai iyaka yana duba ta a wata na 15. Kauce wa sake bayyana kuma rage rashin tabbas, cikin kasafin 1.2 M€.
Babu sake bayyana shekarar tushe
Rashin tabbas na ƙididdiga ≤ ±15 % a wata na 24
Kashe kuɗi cikin kasafi
Mataki 2 · Shekarun girma a hanyar 1.5 °C
An buga shekarar tushe yanzu: kusan 22 kt CO₂e, rabinsa zafin aiki ne da iskar gas ke samarwa. Dukkan wutar lantarki an riga an rufe ta da takaddun sabuntawa. Sabon littafin oda zai ɗaga samarwa da 12 % a shekara na shekaru biyu masu zuwa, kuma manufa cikakkiya ce: cikin shekaru biyu watanni goma sha biyu masu gudana dole su kasance 8.4 % ƙasa da shekarar tushe, kuma jimillar hayaƙi da aka tara dole ta kasance cikin kasafin carbon na hanyar. Kana da 3 M€. Wani memban hukumar yana ba da shawarar sayen kuɗin carbon maimakon haka.
Watanni 12 masu gudana a kan hanya ko ƙasa a wata na 24
Jimillar hayaƙi da aka tara cikin kasafin carbon na hanyar
Kashe kuɗi cikin kasafi
Mataki 3 · Sawun carbon da masu kawo kaya suka ƙirƙira
Kamfanin harhaɗa kaya da ke sayen mafi yawan abin da yake sayarwa: kusan 79 % na shekarar tushensa da aka wallafa (≈ 37 kt CO₂e) kayan da aka saya ne, an ƙirga su da matsakaicin ma'auni bisa kashe kuɗi; sauran galibi iskar gas na aiki ne, rukunin ƙananan motocin ɗaukar kaya na dizal da wutar lantarki. Sayayya tana ƙaruwa da 6 % a shekara tare da tallace-tallace. Burin ya ƙunshi dukkan scopes: cikin shekaru biyu watanni 12 masu gudana dole su kasance a kan hanyar 4.2 % a shekara, jimillar hayaƙi kuma a cikin kasafin carbon ɗinta, tare da rashin tabbas ƙasa da ±20 %. Kasafi 4 M€.
Watanni 12 masu gudana a kan hanya ko ƙasa a wata na 24
Jimillar hayaƙi da aka tara cikin kasafin carbon na hanyar
Rashin tabbas na ƙididdiga ƙasa da ±20 %
Kashe kuɗi cikin kasafi
Tushe — samfurin da ke bayan lambobin
Kowace alaƙa da na'urar koyi ke amfani da ita, tare da tushenta. Ƙayyadaddun ƙimomin da aka yi wa alama a matsayin zato daidaitawa ne na misali.
Scope 1 — hayaƙi kai tsaye daga man da kamfani ke ƙonawa: aiki × ma'aunin hayaƙi (ƙimar IPCC ta asali don iskar gas da dizal).
Ana bayar da rahoton Scope 2 sau biyu: bisa wuri da matsakaicin ma'aunin grid, bisa kasuwa da ma'aunin wutar da aka yi kwangila da ita a zahiri — sifili ga wutar da takardu suka rufe, gaurayen saura ga sauran.
S2_location = MWh × EF_grid; S2_market = MWh × (1 − certificate share) × EF_residual[2][9]Zato: ma'aunin grid da na gaurayen saura, ma'aunin shigarwa–fitarwa, iyakokin rashin tabbas, giɓin ƙididdigar farko, martanin masu kawo kaya, kuɗaɗe, farashi da girman ayyuka ƙididdiga ne na misali ga kamfani na gama-gari; ƙa'idojin lissafi, ma'aunin mai na IPCC, haɗa rashin tabbas da ƙimar hanyar 4.2 % su ne waɗanda aka buga.
Scope 3 kayan da aka saya — hanyar gauraye: bayanai na takamaiman mai kaya inda masu kawo kaya suka bayar, kashe kuɗi × matsakaicin ma'aunin shigarwa–fitarwa a sauran wurare.
S3 = Σ engaged spend × supplier intensity + Σ other spend × EEIO factor (0.40 kg/€)[3][4]Zato: ma'aunin grid da na gaurayen saura, ma'aunin shigarwa–fitarwa, iyakokin rashin tabbas, giɓin ƙididdigar farko, martanin masu kawo kaya, kuɗaɗe, farashi da girman ayyuka ƙididdiga ne na misali ga kamfani na gama-gari; ƙa'idojin lissafi, ma'aunin mai na IPCC, haɗa rashin tabbas da ƙimar hanyar 4.2 % su ne waɗanda aka buga.
Bayanan ayyuka da aka ƙiyasta a ƙididdiga ta farko suna rasa wurare da takardun lissafi; kason da aka auna kaɗai ya cika.
reported activity = true × (1 − (1 − q_metered) × gap), gap ~ N(μ, 0.04) per source[1]Zato: ma'aunin grid da na gaurayen saura, ma'aunin shigarwa–fitarwa, iyakokin rashin tabbas, giɓin ƙididdigar farko, martanin masu kawo kaya, kuɗaɗe, farashi da girman ayyuka ƙididdiga ne na misali ga kamfani na gama-gari; ƙa'idojin lissafi, ma'aunin mai na IPCC, haɗa rashin tabbas da ƙimar hanyar 4.2 % su ne waɗanda aka buga.
Rashin tabbas yana haɗuwa kamar yadda jagororin IPCC suka tsara: ta hanyar quadrature ga ɗaukacin samfur (aiki × ma'auni), da nauyin girma ga jimillar tushe.
Ana sake lissafa shekarar tushe idan wata hanya mafi kyau ko kuskuren da tabbatarwa ta gano ya motsa ta da 5 % ko fiye, don a kwatanta kowace shekara a ƙa'ida ɗaya.
recalculate base year if |B_today’s method / B_published − 1| ≥ 5 % (annual close, assurance finding)[1][7]
Hanyar raguwa cikakkiya: izinin yana raguwa da 4.2 % na shekarar tushe kowace shekara. Gibin yana kwatanta watanni goma sha biyu na ƙarshe da wannan izini, kuma ana karanta shekarar tushe da lokacin duka da hanyar lissafi ta yau (daidai da daidai).
allowed(t) = B × (1 − 0.042 · years since base); gap = rolling 12-month gross / allowed − 1 (B and the window both read with today’s method)[8][7]
Ana auna manufofi a kan jimillar hayaƙi. Ana bayyana kuɗin carbon dabam kuma ba a taɓa ƙidaya su a matsayin raguwa ba.
gross = S1 + S2_market + S3 (targets); net = gross − credits retired (shown apart, never counted)[7][9]
Kuɗin ragewa na ƙarshe na aiki: kuɗin jari na shekara ƙasa da tanadin makamashi na shekara, ga kowace tan da aka kauce wa. Ƙima mara kyau tana nufin aikin yana tanadin kuɗi — a takarda.
MAC = (capex × CRF(8 %, 15 y) − annual energy savings) / annual t abated; CRF = r(1+r)ⁿ/((1+r)ⁿ − 1)[10][11]Zato: ma'aunin grid da na gaurayen saura, ma'aunin shigarwa–fitarwa, iyakokin rashin tabbas, giɓin ƙididdigar farko, martanin masu kawo kaya, kuɗaɗe, farashi da girman ayyuka ƙididdiga ne na misali ga kamfani na gama-gari; ƙa'idojin lissafi, ma'aunin mai na IPCC, haɗa rashin tabbas da ƙimar hanyar 4.2 % su ne waɗanda aka buga.
Abin da kowane aikin rage hayaƙi ke canzawa a bayanan ayyuka.
efficiency −10 % electricity · heat pump −50 % gas → + gas × 0.9 × 277.8 / COP 3 MWh · rooftop PV −100 MWh/mo (±40 % seasonal) · fleet −80 % diesel → + diesel × 277.8 / 3 MWh[1]Zato: ma'aunin grid da na gaurayen saura, ma'aunin shigarwa–fitarwa, iyakokin rashin tabbas, giɓin ƙididdigar farko, martanin masu kawo kaya, kuɗaɗe, farashi da girman ayyuka ƙididdiga ne na misali ga kamfani na gama-gari; ƙa'idojin lissafi, ma'aunin mai na IPCC, haɗa rashin tabbas da ƙimar hanyar 4.2 % su ne waɗanda aka buga.
Sauran madaidaitan aiki da samfurin ke amfani da su.
grid 0.35 t/MWh, residual mix 0.42 t/MWh · EEIO 0.40 kg/€ · U: metered 2 %, estimated 20 %, grid 10 %, spend-based 50 %, supplier data 15 % · metering → 95 % metered, τ = 3 mo, 10 k€/mo · supplier programme 4 + 50 × share k€/mo, data τ = 6 mo, targets in place after a further τ = 6 mo, then engaged suppliers cut ≈ N(10 %, 1 %)/yr · certificates 4 €/MWh · credits 15 €/t · capex: efficiency 250 k€ (2 mo), PV 1 000 k€ (6 mo), heat pump 2 000 k€ (9 mo), fleet 800 k€ (8 mo) · prices: electricity 150 €/MWh, gas 40 €/MWh, diesel 1.5 €/L · first-inventory gap of estimated data N(μ, 4 %) per source · assurance re-performs the base year with complete activity data · ±3 % monthly activity noise · gas ±20 % seasonalZato: ma'aunin grid da na gaurayen saura, ma'aunin shigarwa–fitarwa, iyakokin rashin tabbas, giɓin ƙididdigar farko, martanin masu kawo kaya, kuɗaɗe, farashi da girman ayyuka ƙididdiga ne na misali ga kamfani na gama-gari; ƙa'idojin lissafi, ma'aunin mai na IPCC, haɗa rashin tabbas da ƙimar hanyar 4.2 % su ne waɗanda aka buga.
Rashin tsari: mai samar da mulberry32 mai iri; rarrabawar da aka yi amfani da su — uniform, exponential (inverse CDF), normal (Box–Muller), Poisson (Knuth). Ana nuna iri kuma ana iya raba shi.
Capital recovery factor A/P = r(1+r)ⁿ/((1+r)ⁿ − 1) — standard engineering-economics annuity factor (e.g. W. G. Sullivan et al., Engineering Economy) — Pearson, 2019