Na'urorin koyi na WIA SOOM

Rarraba wutar lantarki ta unguwa Samfurin kai-tsaye

Kuna sarrafa transformer 500 kVA da feeder mai ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki da ke ba da wuta ga gidaje 150 da motocin lantarkinsu. Nauyi fiye da kima yana dumama insulation kuma yana tsufar da shi da sauri; doguwar feeder tana bar ƙarfin lantarki ya sauka a ƙarshen nesa. Mataki ɗaya mintuna 5 ne.

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Na'urar koyi

Lokaci 0 min
Zafin wurin zafi na winding 59 °C · Cikar transformer 42% · Ƙarfin lantarki a ƙarshen feeder 100.0% · Ƙarfin cajin motar lantarki 0 kWWutar MV✓ 59°42%500 kVAONAN⌂⌂⌂⌂⌂⌂⌂⌂⌂⌂Ƙarfin lantarki a transformer 100.9% → Ƙarfin lantarki a ƙarshen feeder 100.0% · Matakin mai daidaita ƙarfin lantarki 0🚗 0 kW · 🌡 30.8 °C · Asara 3.1 kW⊣⊢Cikar transformer maƙwabci 42%⏱ 14:00 · Makamashin da ba a samar ba 0 kWh
  • Wuri mai zafi na transformer ƙasa da 110 °C
  • Wurin zafi 110–120 °C (tsufa da sauri)
  • Wurin zafi sama da 120 °C
  • Gidaje masu ƙarfin lantarki a cikin iyaka
  • Gidaje kusa da iyakar ƙarfin lantarki
  • Daga iyaka ko babu wuta
  • Fanka / capacitor suna aiki
  • Kusan motocin lantarki uku suna caji

Sarrafawa

Fanka suna ƙara ƙimar sanyaya da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku; man yana aiki da sanyi ga nauyi ɗaya.

Hanyoyin da ake sarrafawa suna shafar direbobin da suka shiga shirin kawai; sauran suna caji da zuwa.

Yana rufe makullin haɗi don wani ɓangaren feeder. Maƙwabcin yana da iyakarsa (120 %) kuma doguwar haɗin tana saukar da ƙarfin lantarki.

Tallafin reactive na 150 kvar: yana ɗaga ƙarfin lantarki na ƙarshen nesa kuma yana rage wutar kaɗan.

Kowane mataki yana ɗaga kowane ƙarfin lantarki da 1.25 % — a ƙaramin nauyi yana iya tura ƙarshen kusa sama da +5 %.

Kai tsaye sarrafa nauyi na na'urorin dumama ruwa da na'urorin sanyaya iska: ɗayan toshe na −15 % na nauyin gidaje na minti 60, sannan kullewa na sa'o'i 2 yayin da suke murmurewa. Rabin makamashin da aka rage yana dawowa daga baya.

Alamomi

Zafin wurin zafi na winding
59°C
daidai
Cikar transformer
42%
daidai
Mafi munin karkacewar ƙarfin lantarki
0.9%
daidai
Ma'aunin hanzarin tsufa
0.00×
daidai
Zafin man sama53 °C
Zafi a waje30.8 °C
Rayuwar insulation da aka yi amfani da ita (sa'o'i masu daidaito)0.0 h
Nauyin transformer202 kW
Ƙarfin cajin motar lantarki0 kW
Ƙarfin lantarki a transformer100.9 %
Ƙarfin lantarki a ƙarshen feeder100.0 %
Asara3.1 kW
Makamashin da ba a samar ba0 kWh
Nauyin da aka rage ta sarrafawa0 kWh
Makamashin motar lantarki da har yanzu yake rage0 %
Cikar transformer maƙwabci42 %
Ma'aunin ɗaukar nauyi na sanyi1.00 ×

Yanayi

Zafin wurin zafi na winding: — °C1600

Yanayin rikici

Mataki 1 · Kololuwar yamma ta motocin lantarki a lokacin zafi mai tsanani

La'asar ta zafi mai tsanani: na'urorin sanyaya iska suna aiki a kowane gida kuma motocin lantarki 100 za su haɗu tsakanin 17:00 da 20:00 — ban da kololuwar gidaje na yamma. 70 % na direbobi ne kawai suka shiga cajin da ake sarrafawa. Ka kai 07:00 ba tare da transformer ya yi zafi fiye da kima ko ya yanke ba, kuma ba tare da dogara da rage nauyi ba.

  • Wurin zafi bai taɓa wuce 110 °C ba
  • Rayuwar insulation da aka yi amfani da ita ≤ sa'o'i 17 (ba da sauri fiye da yadda ya kamata ba)
  • Babu abokin ciniki da ya rasa wuta
  • Nauyin da aka rage ≤ 60 kWh

Mataki 2 · Matsalar maƙwabci: ɗaukar abokan cinikinsa

A 17:00 transformer maƙwabci ya lalace. Rabin gidajensa ana sauya su zuwa ƙarshen nesa na feeder ɗinku ta doguwar kebul na haɗi. Ƙarin wutar tana gudana a tsawon layinku duka: ku riƙe kowane gida a cikin ±5 % na ƙarfin lantarki da aka ƙayyade (ANSI C84.1 Range A) kuma ku guji ɗora wa transformer ɗinku nauyi fiye da kima.

  • Kowane ƙarfin lantarki a cikin ±5 % (daga minti 10 bayan matsalar)
  • Babu abokin ciniki da ya rasa wuta
  • Wurin zafi bai taɓa wuce 120 °C ba
  • Nauyin da aka rage ≤ 60 kWh

Mataki 3 · Ɗaukar nauyin sanyi bayan katsewa

Katsewar wuta ta sa'o'i shida a yammacin sanyi mai tsanani ta ƙare a 18:00. Kowace na'urar dumama a kashe take kuma kowace motar lantarki tana jiran caji. Lokacin da ma'aikata suka rufe switch, nauyi yana dawowa fiye da na al'ada — idan aka rasa bambancin lokaci, transformer zai sake yankewa. Maido da wuta ba tare da katsewa ta biyu ba, ka riƙe ƙarfin lantarki a cikin iyaka kuma ka rage yankewa kaɗan.

  • Babu katsewa ta biyu (makamashin da ba a samar ba = 0)
  • Kowane ƙarfin lantarki a cikin ±5 % (daga minti 10 bayan dawowar wuta)
  • Nauyin da aka rage ≤ 120 kWh
  • Kowace motar lantarki ta caji da 07:00 (≤ 2 % ta rage)
  • Nauyin transformer yana ƙasa da ƙimar tashin relay ta 150 % bayan an rufe maɓalli (daga 18:05)

Tushe — samfurin da ke bayan lambobin

Kowace alaƙa da na'urar koyi ke amfani da ita, tare da tushenta. Ƙayyadaddun ƙimomin da aka yi wa alama a matsayin zato daidaitawa ne na misali.

Buƙatar gidaje tana bin bayanin yini da yanayi; kowace motar lantarki tana caji da 7.2 kW har sai ta cika.
P_homes = 150 × 2.0 kW × shape(h) × [1 + 0.025·max(0, θa−24) + 0.02·max(0, 15−θa)] × CLPU(t); P_EV = Σ 7.2 kW while plugged and not full[9]Zato: bayanan nauyi, lambobin motocin lantarki, impedance na feeder, ma'aunin sanyin farawa da ƙimar fanka ƙimomi ne na misali don feeder na bayan gari na gama-gari, ba bayanai daga hanyar sadarwa ta gaske ba.
Hawan man sama yana kusantar ƙimarsa ta ƙarshe don nauyin yanzu bisa ƙa'idar exponential, tare da ƙayyadadden lokaci na sa'o'i.
Δθ_TO,U = 55 K · [(K²R+1)/(R+1)]ⁿ; Δθ_TO ← Δθ_TO,U + (Δθ_TO − Δθ_TO,U)·e^(−Δt/τ_TO), τ_TO = 180 min (ONAN) / 150 min (ONAF); R = P_k/P₀ at the rating K is referred to: 5 (ONAN), 5 × 1.33² ≈ 8.8 (ONAF)[1][2]
Wurin zafi na winding yana sama da man kuma yana bin wutar cikin mintuna.
Δθ_H,U = 25 K · K^(2m); Δθ_H ← Δθ_H,U + (Δθ_H − Δθ_H,U)·e^(−Δt/(k22·τw)), k22·τw = 8 min; θ_H = θ_A + Δθ_TO + Δθ_H[1][2]Sauƙaƙawa: hawan wuri mai zafi yana bin exponential ɗaya (k21 = 1, ma'aunin lokaci k22·τw). Taƙaitaccen wuce gona da iri na f2(t) mai sharuɗɗa biyu na IEC 60076-7 bayan tsalle na nauyi kwatsam ba a yi masa kwaikwayo ba, don haka wuri mai zafi na iya nuna ƙasa da wasu kelvin kaɗan na ɗan lokaci.
Matakin sanyaya: fanka suna canza ma'auni da ƙimar da ake nuni da ita ga nauyi.
ONAN n = 0.8, m = 0.8; ONAF n = 0.9, m = 0.8 (IEEE C57.91), with K and R referred to the ONAF rating (1.33 × ONAN, R ≈ 8.8)[1][3]Zato: bayanan nauyi, lambobin motocin lantarki, impedance na feeder, ma'aunin sanyin farawa da ƙimar fanka ƙimomi ne na misali don feeder na bayan gari na gama-gari, ba bayanai daga hanyar sadarwa ta gaske ba.
Tsufan insulation dangane da 110 °C na tunani; yana ninkawa kusan kowane 6–7 K.
F_AA = exp(15000/383 − 15000/(θ_H + 273)); aged hours = Σ F_AA·Δt; F_EQA = Σ F_AA·Δt / Σ Δt; normal life 180 000 h[1][3][2]
Asarar rashin nauyi tare da asarar nauyi da ke ƙaruwa da murabba'in wutar.
P_loss = P₀ + P_k·K² + r_f·S_b·(|s_d|²/3 + Re(s_d·s_p*) + |s_p|²) + r_tie·S_b·|s_tie|², s_d = distributed load, s_p = far-end block (incl. capacitor); P₀ = 1 kW, P_k = 5 kW[7][2]
Kimanin faɗuwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan transformer da feeder.
ΔV ≈ p·r + q·x (pu); distributed load drops ½ of the lumped value; capacitor Q_c raises V by Q_c·x; V_src = 1.02 + 0.02·(0.5 − shape) + tap × 1.25 %[7]Zato: bayanan nauyi, lambobin motocin lantarki, impedance na feeder, ma'aunin sanyin farawa da ƙimar fanka ƙimomi ne na misali don feeder na bayan gari na gama-gari, ba bayanai daga hanyar sadarwa ta gaske ba.
Iyakokin ƙarfin lantarki na hidima daga ƙa'idodin ƙarfin lantarki.
target |V − 1| ≤ 5 % (ANSI C84.1 Range A); Range B −8.3 % / +5.8 %; EN 50160: ±10 % for 95 % of 10-min means[4][5][6]
Kariya: lokacin da transformer da maƙwabci ke tsayawa.
trip if K ≥ 1.5 for 30 min (accumulated), K ≥ 2.0 at once, or θ_H ≥ 140 °C; neighbour trips if K_B ≥ 1.2 for 30 min; re-energised after 60 min[2]Zato: saitin tsawon nauyi na mintuna 30, ɓangaren nan take na 2.0 pu da tsayawar wurin zafi a 140 °C saitunan misali ne da aka gina bisa iyakokin IEC 60076-7 na transformer na rarrabawa (1.5 pu na zagaye na yau da kullum, 2.0 pu na gaggawa na ɗan lokaci, 140 °C wurin zafi). Kariya ta gaske tana amfani da lanƙwasar fuse ko relay.
Bayan katsewar wuta, nauyin da ke da thermostat duka suna kunnawa lokaci guda; ƙarin nauyin yana raguwa bisa ƙa'idar exponential.
M0 = 1 + 1.4·(1 − e^(−D/90 min)); CLPU(t) = 1 + (M0 − 1)·e^(−t/60 min)[8][1]Zato: bayanan nauyi, lambobin motocin lantarki, impedance na feeder, ma'aunin sanyin farawa da ƙimar fanka ƙimomi ne na misali don feeder na bayan gari na gama-gari, ba bayanai daga hanyar sadarwa ta gaske ba.
Sauran ƙayyadaddun ƙimomin da samfurin ke amfani da su.
500 kVA transformer, 30 °C rated ambient (55 K oil + 25 K gradient → 110 °C) · 60 EVs, 6–20 kWh need, arrival ≈ N(18:30, 1 h), depart 07:00 · curtailed charging 3.6 kW · transformer r = 1 %, x = 4 %; feeder r = 4 %, x = 2 %; tie r = 10 %, x = 4 % (500 kVA base) · neighbour 400 kVA, 120 homes, transfer ≤ 40 % · capacitor 150 kvar · tap ±4 × 1.25 % · shedding one 15 % block for 60 min, 120 min lockout, 50 % payback · fans 0.4 kW · ±3 % load noise, ±5 % daily scaleZato: bayanan nauyi, lambobin motocin lantarki, impedance na feeder, ma'aunin sanyin farawa da ƙimar fanka ƙimomi ne na misali don feeder na bayan gari na gama-gari, ba bayanai daga hanyar sadarwa ta gaske ba.

Rashin tsari: mai samar da mulberry32 mai iri; rarrabawar da aka yi amfani da su — uniform, exponential (inverse CDF), normal (Box–Muller), Poisson (Knuth). Ana nuna iri kuma ana iya raba shi.

Tushe

  1. IEEE Std C57.91-2011 — IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers and Step-Voltage Regulators (clause 5 ageing, clause 7 temperature, Annex on cold-load pickup) — IEEE, 2011
  2. IEC 60076-7:2018 — Power transformers, Part 7: Loading guide for mineral-oil-immersed power transformers — IEC, 2018
  3. Comparison of Loading Guide Standards (IEEE C57.91 and IEC 60076-7): ageing equations, exponents n/m by cooling mode, 180 000 h normal life — IEEE PES Transformers Committee, C57.91 working group
  4. ANSI C84.1 — Electric Power Systems and Equipment: Voltage Ratings (60 Hz); Range A service voltage ±5 % (114–126 V on 120 V), Range B 110–127 V — NEMA / ANSI (summarised in USDA Rural Utilities Service guidance), 2020
  5. EN 50160:2022 — Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public electricity networks, clause 4 low-voltage supply characteristics (clause 4 is not in the free preview, which ends at the scope) — CENELEC, CLC/TC 8X (official preview of the English text via the Slovak national standards body ÚNMS SR, STN EN 50160:2023), 2022
  6. A. Klajn, M. Bątkiewicz-Pantuła — Application Note: Standard EN 50160, Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public electricity networks (LV supply voltage variations: Un ± 10 % for 95 % of the 10-min mean rms values of each week) — European Copper Institute / Leonardo ENERGY, Publication No. Cu0147, 2013
  7. W. H. Kersting — Distribution System Modeling and Analysis (approximate voltage drop, uniformly distributed load, line losses) — CRC Press, 2017
  8. C. Hachmann et al. — Cold load pickup model parameters based on measurements in distribution systems (exponential decay model, CLPU factors ≈ 1.9–2.8) — IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 13(23), 2019
  9. SAE J1772 — Electric Vehicle and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler (AC Level 2 charging, e.g. 32 A × 240 V ≈ 7.7 kW) — SAE International, 2017

Waɗanda ke yin wannan a matsayin sana'a

Samfurin ilimi — ba don yanke shawarar aiki ba. Wuraren gaske suna daidaita kowace ƙayyadaddiyar ƙima da kayan aiki da bayanansu.