Jilayaasha WIA SOOM

Qaybinta korontada xaafadda Qaabka tooska ah

Waxaad maamushaa transformer 500 kVA iyo fiidar danab hoose ah oo siiya 150 guri iyo gawaaridooda korontada. Culayska xad-dhaafka ahi wuxuu kululeeyaa dahaadhka oo si degdeg ah u duugoobiyaa; fiidar dheer ayaa u oggolaata danabka inuu ka hoos dhaco dhanka fog. Hal tallaabo waa 5 daqiiqo.

Waxa aad baran doonto

Jile

Waqti 0 min
Heerkulka barta kulul ee lakabka 59 °C · Culaysidda transformer-ka 42% · Danabka dhammaadka fiidarka 100.0% · Awoodda dallacaadda gawaarida korontada 0 kWKorontada MV✓ 59°42%500 kVAONAN⌂⌂⌂⌂⌂⌂⌂⌂⌂⌂Danabka transformer-ka 100.9% → Danabka dhammaadka fiidarka 100.0% · Fiilada xakamaynta danabka 0🚗 0 kW · 🌡 30.8 °C · Luminta 3.1 kW⊣⊢Culaysidda transformer-ka deriska 42%⏱ 14:00 · Tamar aan la gaarsiin 0 kWh
  • Barta kulul ee transformerka ka hooseysa 110 °C
  • Barta kulul 110–120 °C (duugoobid dhakhso badan)
  • Barta kulul ka sarraysa 120 °C
  • Guryo danabkoodu xadka gudahiisa yahay
  • Guryo u dhow xadka danabka
  • Xadka ka baxsan ama korontada la'aan
  • Marawaxado / kabaasiitar adeegsanaya
  • Qiyaastii saddex gaari koronto ah ayaa dallacaya

Xakamayaal

Marawaxaduhu waxay kordhiyaan awoodda qaboojinta qiyaastii saddex meelood hal; saliiddu way qabow tahay culays isku mid ah.

Qaababka la maamulay waxay quseeyaan kaliya darawallada ku qoran barnaamijka; inta kale way dallacaan marka ay yimaadaan.

Wuxuu xirayaa furaha isku-xirka qayb ka mid ah fiidarka. Deriska wuxuu leeyahay xadkiisa (120 %) isku-xirka dheeruna wuxuu hoos u dhigaa danabka.

150 kvar taageero falcelin ah: waxay kor u qaadaa danab dhanka fog waxayna yarayn kartaa hadda in yar.

Tallaabo kasta waxay kor u qaadaa danab kasta 1.25 % — marka culayska hooseeyo waxay dhanka dhow ka sii saari kartaa +5 %.

Xakamaynta tooska ah ee culayska kuleeyayaasha biyaha iyo qaboojiyayaasha hawada: hal block oo −15 % culayska guryaha ah 60 daqiiqo, kadibna xidhitaan 2 saacadood ah inta ay soo kabanayaan. Badhkii tamarta la jaray ayaa dib u soo noqota.

Tilmaamayaal

Heerkulka barta kulul ee lakabka
59°C
caadi
Culaysidda transformer-ka
42%
caadi
Leexashada danabka ugu xun
0.9%
caadi
Qodobka dedejinta duugoobidda
0.00×
caadi
Heerkulka saliidda sare53 °C
Heerkulka dibadda30.8 °C
Da'da dahaadhka la isticmaalay (saacado u dhigma)0.0 h
Culayska transformer-ka202 kW
Awoodda dallacaadda gawaarida korontada0 kW
Danabka transformer-ka100.9 %
Danabka dhammaadka fiidarka100.0 %
Luminta3.1 kW
Tamar aan la gaarsiin0 kWh
Culayska xakamayntu ka jartay0 kWh
Tamarta gawaarida korontada ee weli ka maqan0 %
Culaysidda transformer-ka deriska42 %
Qodobka bilowga culayska qabow1.00 ×

Isbeddel

Heerkulka barta kulul ee lakabka: — °C1600

Xaaladaha dhibaatada

Heerka 1 · Kor ugu sarraysa gawaarida korontada fiid mowjad kulayl ah

Galab mowjad kulayl ah: qaboojiyayaasha hawada ayaa shaqeynaya guri kasta, 100 gaari oo koronto ahna waxay ku xirmayaan 17:00 ilaa 20:00 — kor ka sii dheer buuxsamitaanka fiidkii ee guryaha. Kaliya 70 % darawalladu waxay ku qoran yihiin dallacaadda la maamulo. Gaadh 07:00 adigoon kulaylin ama jabin transformerka, adigoon tiirsanaan ka jarista culayska.

  • Barta kulul weligeed ha ka sarrayn 110 °C
  • Da'da dahaadhka la isticmaalay ≤ 17 saac (aan ka dhakhso badnayn caadi)
  • Macmiil lagama jaro korontada
  • Culayska la jaray ≤ 60 kWh

Heerka 2 · Cilladda deriska: qaadista macaamiisheeda

17:00 transformer-ka deriska ayaa jaba. Kala bar guryihiisa ayaa loo wareejiyey dhanka fog ee fiidarkaaga fiilada dheer ee isku-xirka. Hadda dheeraadka ahi wuxuu ka socdaa dhererka khadkaaga oo dhan: guri kasta ku hay gudaha ±5 % danabka magaca (ANSI C84.1 Xad A) oo ka fogow culayska xad-dhaafka ah ee transformer-kaaga.

  • Danab kasta gudaha ±5 % (laga bilaabo 10 daqiiqo ka dib cilladda)
  • Macmiil lagama jaro korontada
  • Barta kulul weligeed ha ka sarrayn 120 °C
  • Culayska la jaray ≤ 60 kWh

Heerka 3 · Bilowga culayska qabow ka dib go'itaan korontada

Gooyn korontadu muddo lix saacadood ah oo fiid qabow ah ayaa dhammaanaysa 18:00. Kuleeyayaal kasta waa damiyeen gawaari koronto kasta na waxay sugayaan dallacaad. Marka kooxdu xidho furaha, culayska ayaa si aad uga sarraysa caadiga ah u soo noqda — haddii kala duwanaanta lumiso, transformerku mar kale wuu jabaa. Soo celi korontada adigoon labaad goyn lahayn, danabka ku hay xadka oo hoos u dhigista ka dhig mid yar.

  • Go'itaan labaad ma jiro (tamar aan la gaarsiin = 0)
  • Danab kasta gudaha ±5 % (laga bilaabo 10 daqiiqo ka dib soo celinta)
  • Culayska la jaray ≤ 120 kWh
  • Gaari koronto kasta waa la dallaciyey 07:00 (≤ 2 % ayaa maqan)
  • Culayska koronto-beddeluhu wuxuu ka hooseeyaa heerka kicinta relay-ga ee 150 % marka furaha la xidho kadib (laga bilaabo 18:05)

Aasaas — moodelka ka dambeeya tirooyinka

Xiriir kasta oo jilaha isticmaalo, iyo ilaha uu ka yimid. Mudnaanta lagu calaamadiyay malo-awaal waa hagaajin muunad ah.

Baahida guryuhu waxay raacdaa sawir maalinle ah iyo cimilada; gaari koronto kastaa wuxuu dallacaa 7.2 kW ilaa uu buuxsamo.
P_homes = 150 × 2.0 kW × shape(h) × [1 + 0.025·max(0, θa−24) + 0.02·max(0, 15−θa)] × CLPU(t); P_EV = Σ 7.2 kW while plugged and not full[9]Filasho: sawirka culayska, tirooyinka gawaarida korontada, caqabadaha fiidarka, halbeegyada bilowga culayska qabow iyo awoodda marawaxadaha waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay fiidar guud oo magaalo-hareedka ah, ma aha xog shabakad dhab ah.
Kacidda heerkulka saliidda sare waxay si jibaaran ugu dhowaataa qiimaheeda ugu dambeeya culayska hadda, iyadoo leh joogto waqti oo saacado ah.
Δθ_TO,U = 55 K · [(K²R+1)/(R+1)]ⁿ; Δθ_TO ← Δθ_TO,U + (Δθ_TO − Δθ_TO,U)·e^(−Δt/τ_TO), τ_TO = 180 min (ONAN) / 150 min (ONAF); R = P_k/P₀ at the rating K is referred to: 5 (ONAN), 5 × 1.33² ≈ 8.8 (ONAF)[1][2]
Barta ugu kulul ee lakabka waxay ka sarraysaa saliidda waxayna raacdaa hadda daqiiqado gudahood.
Δθ_H,U = 25 K · K^(2m); Δθ_H ← Δθ_H,U + (Δθ_H − Δθ_H,U)·e^(−Δt/(k22·τw)), k22·τw = 8 min; θ_H = θ_A + Δθ_TO + Δθ_H[1][2]Fududeyn: kor u kaca barta kulul wuxuu raacaa hal exponential (k21 = 1, joogtada waqtiga k22·τw). Sare-u-kaca gaaban ee f2(t) laba-qaybta ah ee IEC 60076-7 kadib bar-bar-u-boodka culayska si degdeg ah looma moodeleeyo, sidaa darteed barta kulul waxay si kooban u akhrin kartaa dhowr kelvin oo hoose.
Heerka qaboojinta: marawaxaduhu waxay beddelaan jibaaraha iyo awoodda uu culayska loo tixgeliyo.
ONAN n = 0.8, m = 0.8; ONAF n = 0.9, m = 0.8 (IEEE C57.91), with K and R referred to the ONAF rating (1.33 × ONAN, R ≈ 8.8)[1][3]Filasho: sawirka culayska, tirooyinka gawaarida korontada, caqabadaha fiidarka, halbeegyada bilowga culayska qabow iyo awoodda marawaxadaha waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay fiidar guud oo magaalo-hareedka ah, ma aha xog shabakad dhab ah.
Duugoobidda dahaadhka marka loo eego tixraaca 110 °C; qiyaastii laba jibaar waxay noqotaa 6–7 K kasta.
F_AA = exp(15000/383 − 15000/(θ_H + 273)); aged hours = Σ F_AA·Δt; F_EQA = Σ F_AA·Δt / Σ Δt; normal life 180 000 h[1][3][2]
Luminta aan culays lahayn oo lagu daray luminta culayska oo kacda labajibaarka hadda.
P_loss = P₀ + P_k·K² + r_f·S_b·(|s_d|²/3 + Re(s_d·s_p*) + |s_p|²) + r_tie·S_b·|s_tie|², s_d = distributed load, s_p = far-end block (incl. capacitor); P₀ = 1 kW, P_k = 5 kW[7][2]
Hoos u dhaca danabka qiyaasta ah ee ka raacaya transformer-ka iyo fiidarka.
ΔV ≈ p·r + q·x (pu); distributed load drops ½ of the lumped value; capacitor Q_c raises V by Q_c·x; V_src = 1.02 + 0.02·(0.5 − shape) + tap × 1.25 %[7]Filasho: sawirka culayska, tirooyinka gawaarida korontada, caqabadaha fiidarka, halbeegyada bilowga culayska qabow iyo awoodda marawaxadaha waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay fiidar guud oo magaalo-hareedka ah, ma aha xog shabakad dhab ah.
Xadka danabka adeega ee ka yimid heerarka danabka.
target |V − 1| ≤ 5 % (ANSI C84.1 Range A); Range B −8.3 % / +5.8 %; EN 50160: ±10 % for 95 % of 10-min means[4][5][6]
Ilaalinta: goorma ayay transformer-ku iyo deriska go'aan.
trip if K ≥ 1.5 for 30 min (accumulated), K ≥ 2.0 at once, or θ_H ≥ 140 °C; neighbour trips if K_B ≥ 1.2 for 30 min; re-energised after 60 min[2]Filasho: dejinta culayska xad-dhaafka ah ee 30 daqiiqo, curiyaha degdegga ah ee 2.0 pu iyo go'itaanka barta kulul ee 140 °C waa dejimo tusaale ah oo lagu dhisay xadka IEC 60076-7 ee transformer-yada qaybinta (1.5 pu wareeg caadi ah, 2.0 pu degdeg muddo gaaban ah, 140 °C barta kulul). Ilaalinta dhabta ahi waxay isticmaashaa qalooc fuse ama relay.
Marka korontadu go'do ka dib, culaysyada thermostat-ka dhammaantood isla mar ayay shidmaan; culayska dheeraadka ah wuxuu si ku-meel-gaadh ah hoos u dhacaa.
M0 = 1 + 1.4·(1 − e^(−D/90 min)); CLPU(t) = 1 + (M0 − 1)·e^(−t/60 min)[8][1]Filasho: sawirka culayska, tirooyinka gawaarida korontada, caqabadaha fiidarka, halbeegyada bilowga culayska qabow iyo awoodda marawaxadaha waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay fiidar guud oo magaalo-hareedka ah, ma aha xog shabakad dhab ah.
Isku-xirayaal kale oo moodelku isticmaalo.
500 kVA transformer, 30 °C rated ambient (55 K oil + 25 K gradient → 110 °C) · 60 EVs, 6–20 kWh need, arrival ≈ N(18:30, 1 h), depart 07:00 · curtailed charging 3.6 kW · transformer r = 1 %, x = 4 %; feeder r = 4 %, x = 2 %; tie r = 10 %, x = 4 % (500 kVA base) · neighbour 400 kVA, 120 homes, transfer ≤ 40 % · capacitor 150 kvar · tap ±4 × 1.25 % · shedding one 15 % block for 60 min, 120 min lockout, 50 % payback · fans 0.4 kW · ±3 % load noise, ±5 % daily scaleFilasho: sawirka culayska, tirooyinka gawaarida korontada, caqabadaha fiidarka, halbeegyada bilowga culayska qabow iyo awoodda marawaxadaha waa qiyamyo tusaale ah oo loogu talagalay fiidar guud oo magaalo-hareedka ah, ma aha xog shabakad dhab ah.

Aan-kala-sooc: abuurahaha mulberry32 oo abuur leh; qaybinta la isticmaalay — isku-mid, tibaax (CDF rogan), caadi (Box–Muller), Poisson (Knuth). Abuurka waa la muujiyaa waana la wadaagi karaa.

Ilaha

  1. IEEE Std C57.91-2011 — IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers and Step-Voltage Regulators (clause 5 ageing, clause 7 temperature, Annex on cold-load pickup) — IEEE, 2011
  2. IEC 60076-7:2018 — Power transformers, Part 7: Loading guide for mineral-oil-immersed power transformers — IEC, 2018
  3. Comparison of Loading Guide Standards (IEEE C57.91 and IEC 60076-7): ageing equations, exponents n/m by cooling mode, 180 000 h normal life — IEEE PES Transformers Committee, C57.91 working group
  4. ANSI C84.1 — Electric Power Systems and Equipment: Voltage Ratings (60 Hz); Range A service voltage ±5 % (114–126 V on 120 V), Range B 110–127 V — NEMA / ANSI (summarised in USDA Rural Utilities Service guidance), 2020
  5. EN 50160:2022 — Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public electricity networks, clause 4 low-voltage supply characteristics (clause 4 is not in the free preview, which ends at the scope) — CENELEC, CLC/TC 8X (official preview of the English text via the Slovak national standards body ÚNMS SR, STN EN 50160:2023), 2022
  6. A. Klajn, M. Bątkiewicz-Pantuła — Application Note: Standard EN 50160, Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public electricity networks (LV supply voltage variations: Un ± 10 % for 95 % of the 10-min mean rms values of each week) — European Copper Institute / Leonardo ENERGY, Publication No. Cu0147, 2013
  7. W. H. Kersting — Distribution System Modeling and Analysis (approximate voltage drop, uniformly distributed load, line losses) — CRC Press, 2017
  8. C. Hachmann et al. — Cold load pickup model parameters based on measurements in distribution systems (exponential decay model, CLPU factors ≈ 1.9–2.8) — IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 13(23), 2019
  9. SAE J1772 — Electric Vehicle and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler (AC Level 2 charging, e.g. 32 A × 240 V ≈ 7.7 kW) — SAE International, 2017

Yaa shaqadan ka shaqeeya

Moodel waxbarasho — looma isticmaalo go’aamo hawlgal. Goobaha dhabta ahi waxay joogto kasta u hagaajiyaan qalabkooda iyo xogtooda.